Automotive air conditioning system pdf. nts, the system must be in operational condition.

Nov 17, 2012 · Automotive air conditioning training manual. Charge system until gauges read over 50 pounds of pressure. Top up the compressor with adequate oil. pdf), Text File (. Finite Element Method (ANSYS) İsmail Hakkı AKÇAY, Hussein B. The first known as R12 was abandoned many years ago and replaced by R134A, which is less toxic. Today, we’ll look at the definition, diagram, purposes, parts, types, and operating principle of an air conditioning system. Download the free PDF book on automotive air conditioning optimization, control, and diagnosis. Backed by over 30 years of mobile A/C and Heater systems experience, Fix it once and fix it right with Old Air Products. to provide a comprehensive overview of the advancements in air conditioning systems for. Close low side valve on the manifold gauge set. ts is a relatively straightforward one. Howell 9 781939 200730 ISBN: 978-1-939200-73-0 (hardback) 978-1-939200-74-7 (PDF) Product Code: 90567 7/17 Principles of HVAC 8th Edition Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning is a textbook based on the 2017 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals Dec 1, 2002 · The experimental set-up was made up of original components from the air conditioning system of a compact car, arranged in such a way to emulate those in the actual vehicle. Adding a small can of sealant to the A/C system is a good preventive measure to stop leaks. A brief description and explanation of the parts and the working of an air conditioner in automobiles such as cars. Leak Testing E. The detailed process of CO2 system thermal cycle design and optimization is described in Apr 8, 2013 · A new automotive A/C system simulation tool developed on the MATLAB/Simulink platform has been described. Check where the evaporator drains condensation with UV light. The system used a compressor, condenser, receiver drier and evaporator (fitted inside the boot/trunk) to operate the system. Mar 1, 2003 · An automotive air conditioning system fully equipped with a compressor, condenser, evaporator, a box type thermostatic expansion valve and a filter drier receiver is investigated experimentally May 4, 2019 · Summary. Air is also flowing around the condenser, which A vacuum pump removes water from the air conditioning system by ________. The unit may be manually-controlled or automatically-controlled. Describe the operation of expansion valve systems, orifice tube systems, and thermostatic control systems. Hence the content of these aspects is also worthy of further research to more clearly grasp the optimal charge judgement in the actual project. doc / . System Service Valves D. They have all the same To be effective, the automotive air conditioner must control four (4) conditions within the<br /> vehicle interior:<br /> It must cool the air<br /> It must circulate the air<br /> It must purify the air It must dehumidify the air<br /> These functions are essential if passenger comfort is to be maintained when the ambient<br /> Mar 1, 2003 · A comparative study on the performance of HFO-1234yf and HFC-134a as an alternative in automotive air conditioning systems. Explain the air-conditioning refrigeration cycle. Several performance studies on various temperature relationship for three automotive refrigerants. The big slump in the automotive in- dustry during 1958 had affected its air conditioning. 335-345 psi. system. This article is an updated and revised version of the keynote paper presented by R. Inside the passenger compartment d. The system drew in more outside air than contemporary systems; thus, reducing the staleness associated with automotive air conditioning at the time. Its purpose is to collect this heat and move it out of the AC system. It has become an essential part of the vehicles of all categories worldwide. Controlled air conditioning for vehicles 9 Site: exxotest. Some owners have retrofitted R-12 systems to use the later R-134a. Aug 10, 2018 · The car's air conditioning revolution occurs in 1999, when more than half of the new cars are sold. It includes a fan to circulate the conditioned air within the room. cebu. According to manufacturer Sanden Automotive Components Corporation, Daimler’s are “the world’s first CO2 compressors for mass-produced passenger cars. Understanding the main components can help car owners diagnose and troubleshoot AC issues effectively. Boiling it. It explains heat transfer and how heat always moves from warmer to cooler objects until equalized. Automotive heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems are of particular interest from the viewpoint of improving fuel economy, especially in electric vehicles (EVs) such Jul 30, 2021 · eration applications. Online Manuals provide the following benefits: Troubleshooting tool for fast diagnosis of common problems. The reservoi r Aug 1, 2009 · Automotive air-conditioning (A/C) or mobile air-conditioning (MAC) systems have played an important role in human comfort and to some extent in human safety during vehicle driving in varied atmospheric conditions. Inspecting The A/C System. Packard invented automotive AC all the way back in 1939, and in 1940 it was the first car company to offer factory-installed air conditioning. System Performance Test VI. archive. Colour photographs with approximately 750 in each manual. Jul 10, 2014 · Automotive Air Conditioning systems. This review paper presents the studies of various refrigerants such as HFC, HC and mixture of both HC & HFC. However, to perform the right measurem. These results conform to the results of [23]. It’s clear that the higher air inlet temperature leads to the larger heat transfer with the cold body (evaporator) (Figs. C HUTO titCTRlCS & Air Conditioning . To know further, you must read the complete detail of how car AC works. Note: The dye check will not work if the system is too low and the compressor is not cycling. Ambient Temperature (°F) Low Side. The experiment also enabled us to determine the heating and cooling power of the respective coils as well. There is a large amount of Heat energy entrapment when the car is in the static position. System Function Tests B. In front of the radiator b. It begins with a thorough introduction to the components and functions of the air-conditioning and heating systems, ensuring readers understand how these crucial systems contribute to a vehicle's operation and comfort. The old refrigerant must be removed from the system and left in the can, as it is illegal to k. Make sure the compressor is working perfectly. This gas will progressively be replaced by HFO 1234yf … Characteristics of fluids at a pressure of 1013 mbar: Apr 1, 2013 · Perfect automotive air conditioner system can be improved to ensure pleasant air environment in a variety of external conditions, the driver can keep the brain cool, improve work efficiency The document provides an overview of automotive air conditioning theory and components. Maintain correct refrigerant level. Servicing an Auto AC System and Replacing Components. Explains Dec 6, 2016 · Analysis of the Thermal Comfort Param eters in the Passenger Cabin of a Bus by. 5 %âãÏÓ 865 0 obj > endobj xref 865 18 0000000016 00000 n 0000003586 00000 n 0000003700 00000 n 0000004745 00000 n 0000005335 00000 n 0000005372 00000 n 0000005936 00000 n 0000006050 00000 n 0000006542 00000 n 0000007877 00000 n 0000012280 00000 n 0000014929 00000 n 0000015053 00000 n 0000015128 00000 n 0000015422 00000 n 0000031706 00000 n 0000101684 00000 n 0000000656 00000 n Automotive Air-conditioning and Climate Control Systems is a complete text and reference on the theoretical, practical and legislative aspects of vehicle climate control systems for automotive engineering students and service professionals. Step 1. Learn more about the repetitive cycle of the system from the list of air conditioner components and the AC parts HVAC-02, Air Conditioning Troubleshooting and Repair Introduction Since I'm constantly receiving questions on 944 air conditioning systems, I figured it's time to come up with come helpful troubleshooting tips. Key concepts covered include the measurement of heat, heat transfer Dec 15, 2017 · The automotive air conditioning system high pressure circuit consists of the – Compressor, Condenser and Receiver-Drier; while the low pressure part of the circuit consists of – the Thermal Expansion Valve and the Evaporator. Air conditioning (AC) is an integral component of an automobile to provide human comfort. co2 as a refrIgerant Is happenIng. Colour-coded wiring diagrams for key systems. automotive applications, with a specia l focus on adsorption systems [1]. The heating process on the other hand is characteristic to automotive HVAC as AUTOMOBILE AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM - Free download as Word Doc (. The model consists of two sections, namely empirical evaporator correlations and dynamic load simulation. Jun 2, 2009 · Recently, as climate changes have manifested worldwide, every country is making efforts to prevent ozone depletion and global warming. You can imagine this as a small radiator, where the gas releases the heat as it goes through. Describe the parts and operation of the heating system. Therefore, alternative refrigerants are needed as a The air conditioning system is made up of the following components: compressor, condenser, evaporator, orifice tube (or expansion valve), and an accumulator (or receiver-drier). Technical instructor and HVAC expert Jerry Clemons completely covers both air-conditioning as well as heating systems, so you can save money repairing your own vehicle. The analysis was performed at compressor speeds of 1000 RPM, 2000 Download Free PDF View PDF Effect of Refrigerant Charge, Compressor Speed and Air Flow Through the Evaporator on the Performance of an Automotive Air Conditioning System Siddhartha D. The Jun 24, 2024 · However, here are some general guidelines for normal operating pressures in an R134a AC system: Low-Side Pressure (Suction Pressure): At a temperature of around 65°F (24°C), the low-side pressure typically ranges from 25 to 35 psi. High Side. arge (at least 1,5/25 PSI to run the compressor Aug 3, 2021 · [Show full abstract] nano-lubricant enhancement performance, an automotive air conditioning (AAC) system test rig based on hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) AC system has to be developed; therefore May 1, 2003 · As an environmentally harmless and feasible alternate refrigerant, CO2 has attracted worldwide attention, especially in the area of automobile air-conditioning (AAC). Apr 22, 2022 · Pdf_module_version 0. 18 Ppi 360 Rcs_key 24143 Republisher_date 20220422181357 Republisher_operator associate-ronil-villaceran@archive. With the remarkable development of motorization, a new engineering revolution occurred with the car cooler, car air conditioner and auto air conditioner for the sake of a more comfortable environment. Service Tools B. 2. The first is a review of component optimization (primary and secondary components) that enhances the energy efficiency of the automotive air-conditioning (AAC Sep 17, 2017 · Abstract. Covered is a history of HVAC systems, airflow throughout the system, the principles of refrigerant, diagnosis of common faults in older systems, testing procedures, and finally repair and, in the case of air conditioning Dec 10, 2018 · Sumeru et al. Jun 1, 2014 · A cabin climate control system, often referred to as a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system, is one of the largest auxiliary loads of an electric vehicle (EV), and the real Old Air Products systems and parts are engineered and tested to provide years of trouble free operation. 50-55 psi. Jul 10, 2014 • Download as PPTX, PDF •. pdf) or read online for free. Nov 16, 2012 •. A/C system flushing uses ________ to remove contaminants and oil from the system. We’ll explain the importance of understanding your car’s wiring diagram and how it can help you maintain your air conditioning system. It discusses the four major functions of air conditioning systems - cooling air, circulating air, purifying air, and dehumidifying air. The governing equations for the key system simulation blocks have been provided. The refrigerant used in automotive air conditioning systems has transitioned from R-12 (Freon) to R-134a and now to R-1234yf, which produces fewer greenhouse gases. com The refrigerant Three types of gas can be found in air conditioning systems. This “Basic Technology Introduction” will be presented Air Conditioning (AC) System Operation with TXV or Orifice Tube. The model consists of a detailed cooling circuit model and a relatively simple cabin model. Describe how an automotive heating, ventilation, and air- conditioning system works. However, the A/C systems noise can emerge as a primary source of annoyance as the future vehicle background noise is lower than today vehicles. The idea caught on, and If it is released into the atmosphere, it will boil at -26. VALEO Thermal System as system supplier, designs, manufactures, and supplies HVACs to car manufacturers. The transcritical CO2 (R-744) automotive air conditioning system is a promising green solution to the currently used HFC-134a (R-134a) system and its considerable global warming impact. Mukhopadhyay The R-134a and R-1234yf pressure charts are for guidance when using A/C Pro ® recharge kits, refills, and gauges. Videos tutorials for common DIY tasks. Author: Admin Created Date: 10/24/2018 4:52:55 PM b. 3. Low Refrigerant Charge H. The EVAPORATOR is usually located where? a. In the experiment, the blower was switched on and regulated. Shah entitled “Automotive Air-Conditioning Systems—Historical Developments, the State of Technology and Future Trends” at the Third BSME-ASME Thermal Engineering Conference, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2006. Automotive Air Conditioning System - Diagram. Mechanical skills and an understanding of the operation and service procedures for an automotive air conditioning system are necessary for the installation of this product. Example of a car A/C condenser. This requires a correct level of refrigerant c. June 2021 7. 5. 17 and 18). Open valve on the refrigerant source. a special liquid. owingly vent refrigerants into the air. Before recharging AC system, inspect all the auto parts of this system. Jul 8, 2023 · Aircon, AC, and A/C are common terms for air conditioning. Too much oil in the system d. In the present the design of air conditioning is done for a Volvo bus, a fully equipped automotive air- conditioning system consists of five main components: a compressor, a condenser, an orifice tube, an evaporator and an accumulator. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) is the technology for indoor and automotive ambient comfort. Technicians opening refrigeration circuit in automotive air conditioning systems MUST be Feb 27, 2024 · Automotive air conditioning has been with us longer than you might think. There were times when having an air conditioner in a car was considered one of the big features, but today Jul 4, 2023 · Automotive HVAC is the air conditioning system installed in automobiles, such as passenger cars, pickup trucks, and heavy-duty trucks. Less refrigerant would result in less cooling, while excessive would also result lesser cooling and excessive tripping. [9, 10] studied the performance parameters of refrigerants R134a and R152a in automotive air-conditioning systems. Mar 1, 2004 · Previous work in automotive air conditioning system efficiency improvement has focused on control of the expansion valve [3 and 4], air flow rate across the evaporator [3], and compressor-only Jan 1, 2015 · The thermal performance of an automotive air conditioning system was studied by using R152a, R1234yf, and R1234ze(Z), and this study analyzed the effect of compressor speed and condensing Problem statement is to design an air conditioning system for car in static and dynamic conditions using waste energy. In electric vehicles (EV), energy stored in batteries is used for the traction of the vehicle and the operation of the auxiliaries. Stay updated with the latest HVAC technology. The ac in your car is divided into two pressure sides, the low-pressure and high-pressure sides. Dec 20, 2021 · The regulations regarding emission and air conditioning in the automobile sector have become more stringent worldwide. Air vAcuum pump with r134A & r12/22 model 96677 Set up And OperAting inStructiOnS to prevent explosion, serious injury, and death: Service of air conditioning systems must be done only by trained and experienced technician to avoid overfilling. 45 likes • 30,081 views. Taufiq Atan. The most common air conditioning parts are the compressor, condenser, evaporator, orifice tube, thermal expansion valve, receiver-driver, and accumulator Air Conditioning 8th Edition Based on the 2017 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals Ronald H. Check the Schrader Valves. This system is comprised of an electric CO 2 compressor, a micro-channel gas cooler, two micro-channel evaporators (the original cooling core is marked as evaporator #1 and the original heating core is used as a second evaporator, marked as evaporator #2), an IHX, an The Air Conditioning system is the major contributor for thermal comfort of the cars users. For this aim, an experimental baseline | Find, read and cite all the research Nov 1, 2022 · Environmental protection initiatives are speeding up the replacement of the present IC engine-based transportation system with an electric motor-driven system. 159 likes • 142,293 views. When the refrigerant gets to the condenser, it is warm because of the pressure. Jun 1, 2008 · The performance of automotive air conditioning system has enha nced significantly by the automotive industry along with the growing popularity among users. Check for pin holes in the condenser. If a pre-1995 INTRODUCTION. with a standard air conditioning system, as in 2007 the percentage is almost 90%. Working on the 944 A/C system is no different than working on any other automotive A/C system. Strict environmental regulations also make repairs more costly and complicated. The core components are then described: compressor, condenser, evaporator, receiver-dryer unit, and expansion device. CO2 and R1234yf) used in the automotive air conditioning system operating with various conditions revealed the better COP for R152a in comparison with R134a, whereas COP field of air conditioning design is more technologically challenging than ever before. Jun 30, 2024 · Step 2: Condenser. The thermal property of CO2 and its trans-critical refrigeration cycle is very different from that of the traditional CFC or HCFC system. Wrong refrigerant in the system c. The document discusses the components and working principles of an automotive air conditioning system. After discussing the basic operation of the A/C system, a brief summary is provided on historical Sep 17, 2020 · Request full-text PDF. Among the various energy-consuming systems in automobiles, air Nov 29, 2022 · The car A/C system recycles the refrigerant by converting it from liquid to vapor and vapor to liquid again, and in the end, you receive cold air in the cabin of the car. The only system control was a blower switch. 105°. The first is a review of component optimization (primary and secondary components) that enhances the energy Aug 26, 2015 · This article presents a review of potential technologies and strategies to develop an energy-efficient automotive air-conditioner based on the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle system. If you are not the original owner of the vehicle, however, be sure to check. Completing this course helps prepare you for the ASE certification test for Air Conditioning. Get the latest research advances in automotive AC systems. Existing cooling systems provide air conditioning in the car while it’s in the motion. So let’s start. Mar 1, 2021 · Thus, the CO 2 automotive air conditioner had the best performance at the whole operation condition. AI-enhanced description. The compressor was run by an electrical motor acted upon by a frequency converter in order to cover the whole range of rotational speeds in the actual vehicle. Dec 28, 2020 · Car air conditioning systems work by manipulating refrigerant between a liquid and gaseous state to absorb heat and humidity from the vehicle and provide cool, dry air. Clean the condenser during normal servicing. The penetration rate for the factory-installed air condition- ing reached 3. The quantity and quality of the air is also controlled. The effect of increasing condenser inlet Air Conditioning System (Heating and Cooling Process) In the experiment performed, the heating and cooling effects from an air-conditioning unit were determined. Thermal Nov 19, 2022 · Here’s how to recharge the car A/C step-by-step. Dec 31, 2014 · The automotive industry is continuously seeking innovative solutions to improve the energy efficiency and sustainability of vehicles. txt) or read online for free. Read more. This paper is broadly divided into two sections. Compressor. Here are the key points about scroll compressors: - They have two interleaved spiral wraps, one fixed and one orbiting, that work like a scroll to progressively fold refrigerant vapor into higher pressures. docx), PDF File (. Outside the passenger compartment 17. Jun 15, 2023 · This review paper aims. Unfortunately, its global warming potential (GWP) is high. A. Oil Level Gauge Diagnosis G. Refrigerant Recovery: Draining the System C. 3 C. For many years, the AC systems in automobiles widely used the vapour compression refrigeration (VCR) method. Classification of AC units and zone control It can be used for recharging refrigerant, or to diagnose an a/c system based on pressure readings from your gauges. The performance of an air conditioning system in an automobile depends upon three basic important factors such as compressor speed, evaporator load, and condensing temperature. Behind the radiator c. 2 Automotive Air-conditioning and Climate Control Systems In 1939 Packard marketed the first mechanical automotive A/C system which worked on a closed cycle. nts, the system must be in operational condition. K. In the majority of automotive air Feb 15, 2024 · Fig. Anand Prithviraj. At an ambient temperature of around 75°F (24°C), the low-side pressure typically ranges from 35 to 40 psi. ective way to determine major AC system problems. %PDF-1. How these factors when varied affects the COP of the system have been detailed in this review paper. Refrigerant flushThe change between refrigera. Inspect The Entire System. ”. 1. org Scanningcenter Jun 13, 2020 · The results of this study have shown that the cooling capacity of R1234yf AAC system is significantly lower (between 5 to 25 %) than R134a system. Nov 5, 2010 · Acknowledgments. Each of these components serves a different purpose. Explains the two basic types of air conditioning systems in cars and trucks work (thermal expansion valve and fixed orifice tube). The charts are intended to help provide an understanding of a vehicle’s air conditioning system pressure, which can be helpful during the diagnostic and recharge processes. The range of the electric vehicle was identified to be one of the major challenges faced by the EV Tips for maintenance of car AC system: 1. The advantages as well as the remaining challenges of the CO2 system have been deduced based on a comprehensive literature review. Sometimes oil or dye can be seen. Moisture in the System Just like any other automotive system, many Climate Control concerns are simple to solve, while others are tricky to diagnose or require repairs to multiple components when one component's failure damages others. The compressor oil in the A/C system must also be changed before the sys. org Republisher_time 262 Scandate 20220421021334 Scanner station04. False. Automotive Air Conditioning Training Manual - Free download as PDF File (. compressors’ cooling performance and function exceed conventional compressors with one-fifth of the capacity (31 cc). It provides the reader with a thorough up-to-date knowledge of current A/C systems, refrigerants and the Beginner's Guide to Repairing Automotive Air-Conditioning and Heating Systems covers all facets of maintenance and repair. There are various refrigerants like R134a, R12, R290, R600a etc are used for automobile air conditioning system. Be sure to consult the instructions provided with your A The Haynes Online Manual gives you the trusted content of the famous printed Workshop Manual with extra features to get the job done. Automotive Air Conditioning Training Manual 10 Theory Refrigerant R134a Automotive Air Conditioning Training Manual 11 Theory Principles of Air Conditioning (Expansion Valve System) High pressure side Low pressure R134a vapor entering the compressor is compressed to become high The Pressure/Temperature hart indicates the pressure and temperature relationship for three automotive refrigerants. 0. The enclosed area can be a building or a vehicle. A transcritical CO 2 automotive air conditioning system was built to study the following two aspects The car air conditioning (AC) system consists of several key components that work together to cool and dehumidify the air inside the vehicle. 1 demonstrates the schematic diagram of a transcritica CO 2 automotive air conditioning system with D-E and/or EGC. Automobile air conditioning systems cool the occupants of a vehicle in hot weather. Instead of plastic tubes mounted on the rear window package shelf as on GM cars, small ducts directed cool air toward the ceiling of the car where it filtered down around the passengers instead of Dec 21, 2012 · Introduction. Photos can Sep 17, 2020 · Air conditioning in the automobile has become an important area of research. This document is a report submitted by three students - Fardeen Khatri, Fardeen Shaikh, and Ayyan Gaonkhadkar - on automobile air conditioning systems under the guidance of their professor Shahbuddin Ahmed. Open the low side valve on the manifold gauge set. Explains different refrigerants and the refrigerant oils that are compatible with them. HEATING AND AIR CONDITIONING, 8TH Task Sheets Table of Contents Chapter 1 – Heating and Air-Conditioning Principles AC Component Identification (None specified) 1 Chapter 2 – The Refrigeration Cycle A/C Components Purpose and Function (None specified) 2 Chapter 3 – Air-Conditioning Compressors and Clutches Sep 18, 2015 · Addeddate 2015-09-18 14:38:33 Identifier AutomotiveAirConditioningAndClimateControlSystemsStevenDaly Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t2j71391v Jul 23, 2019 · After connecting the couplers, open them by turning the knob on the top of them clockwise until they stop. 4. 7% with 228,000 units sold at an average price of $435. The compressor is the heart of the car AC system. Air in the system 16. - They Nov 27, 2022 · In this guide, we’ll cover all of the basics you need to know about automotive air conditioning wiring diagrams. It outlines four key requirements for an effective automotive AC system: to cool, circulate, purify, and dehumidify the air. Automotive air conditioning (A/C) systems have become more complex, making DIY repair more difficult. Gauge Hook-Up C. A semi-empirical model for simulating thermal and energy performance of an automotive air-conditioning (AAC) system in passenger vehicles has been developed. Like other air conditioning systems, automotive HVAC cools air during the process of transforming refrigerant into a liquid or gas. 110°. The under- the-hood units cost approximately $355 while the trunk units sold for $420. Apr 30, 2019 · condenser, evaporator, compressor, magnet ic clutch, alternator, fresh air device, blower, fan, return air grille, control panel, pipeline system and e lectric-controlled. In the experiment, the power of the compressor is The DENSO car air conditioner was sold from 1957 as the ”DENSO CAR COOLER. Automotive air conditioning is the process by which the air is cooled and cleaned, the humidity lowered and the air circulated. Inspect for leaks, check the pressure, damaged pipes, and loose bolts. System Servicing A. Vehicles with a model year 1994 and earlier most likely use R-12 refrigerant. We’ll also provide some helpful tips for using a PDF of your car’s wiring diagram, as Nov 10, 2017 · PDF | This study presents the energy and exergy analysis of an R1234yf AAC (automotive air conditioning) system. Of course, this early system didn't have a thermostat, but it was better than not having anything at all. In the automotive industry, R-134a refrigerant is widely used in air conditioning systems because it has zero ozone depletion potential (ODP). Existing cooling systems are motivated by the This article presents a review of potential technologies and strategies to develop an energy-efficient automotive air-conditioner based on the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle system. If an A/C system is cooling poorly, any of the following could be the cause EXCEPT: a. Evacuating the System D. HVAC facilitates in managing the pleasant climate inside the cabin by controlling the degree of hotness/coolness. Aldin ASGHAR, Habib GÜRBÜ Z, Qays Adnan ALI AC System Diagnostics -Operating Pressures R134AWorking pressures diagnostics method is an easy and cost ef. To optimize the CO2 air conditioning system and to increase its performance to Check where the hoses are crimped onto the fittings. . The objective of this paper is to present review on the alternative refrigerants used in the Automobile air conditioning system. um dn ao lr kx ph bq ij mw wp