Channel drain calculator. What will be driving over the grates.

The 600 series is a best in class pre sloped driveway channel drain. 69“ Channels Actual HYDROTEC Run Length 1’ 0 1 1. For experimental values of Manning’s n factor, click here. Dripline Calculator. Channel & Trench Drains. The Homewyse drain Jun 14, 2023 · Picking a trench drain system. Includes a variety of grate options including brass, plastic and decorative designs. OSD/WSUD. Dec 16, 2022 · Proceed to enter the slope of the channel s. ft. Outlet and accessory options are available to meet the needs of any project. Pipe Material. Note: First Flush is defined as first 15 minutes of runoff. StormChamber Cost Comparison. Designed and made to all AS/NZ standards and NZBC clause E1. Solve the drainage problem with the About This Product. The system includes expanded polystyrene (EPS) form profiles, steel inlay rails, patented no-float legs, grates, and grate retainers. On average this will allow for about 5″ of gravel above a 4″ drain pipe, and 3″ of top soil/grass above that. This is a five inch wide channel drain kit, with a 40 inch long modular drain, an end cap, and an end outlet. Solve for part full pipe flows, or size a pipe with a known design flow. Different calculators may use slight variations Next, enter the width of the French drain. Jan 19, 2023 · Dig a trench that’s 9 inches wide and 18 to 24 inches deep. Calculate area drained. Channel width. This spreadsheet calculates the maximum flow from a specified linear drainage channel and checks whether the channel is sufficient for the specified site and storm conditions. 010. NDS Micro Channel Drains; NDS Slim Channel; price books, installation materials, case studies, calculators, product specs and much more Manning formula is an empirical formula for calculating the velocity of water in open channel flows and partially filled closed systems. Use our free HOMEWYSE CALCULATOR to estimate fair costs for your SPECIFIC project. Calculating drainage fall and gradients. Flowrate calculator/converter. 0 for vertical slope: Depth of flow in channel (d - ft or m) Duraslot is made from dual-wall corrugated polyethylene pipe with an aluminum slot mounted on top of 4" - 36" (10. ACO Drain is available in 2″, 4”, 8” and 12” internal widths, and are available with up to 130 ft (40m) of built-in continuous slope. 64‘ Detail Sheets Get to know our product line details specs. Our wide range of drainage products and supplies collect, convey and retain stormwater throughout your yard to help prevent damage to your home, giving you peace of mind. Different calculators may use slight variations Channel Flow Capacity = Qc. A particular pipe size on a given grade will only carry a certain amount of water. Length in (mm) Overall Depth in (mm) Weight lbs. For traffic rated grates, prices can range from $75-$115 per linear foot. See typical tasks and time to clean drain, along with per unit costs and material requirements. Options: Standard Grates – Ready-made. These calculators are based on corrugated polyethylene pipe. The service is fully documented and is offered free of charge and obligation. 5 tonnes of weight. Allproof’s Polymer Concrete channel drain has been designed for commercial applications. n is the coefficient of friction of the trench drain body (concrete forming systems = 0 Our trapezoidal open channel calculator uses the most commonly used equation for analyzing rivers and streams - the Manning equation. Can you help me improve translations, program, or host these calculators? [Hide this line] TrenchFormer 6″- 24″. The most accurate method is to utilize differential equations to calculate the input along the trench run length and properly verify the flow rates at all depths of the Documents. In surface width, enter the width of your surface, e. These offer the most economic option and encompass popular styles and materials. Getting the flow into the pipe may require significantly higher headwater depth. The Manning Channel drainage is a key point in the management of surface water intercepting and conveying water to the next phase of it’s journey – a journey that has to be carefully and properly managed through cleaning, infiltration, attenuation and release. How to calculate cubic yards for rectangular, circular, annular and triangular areas. A slope of 0. Patented flying buttress design provides load-bearing support from both sides as well as underneath the channel. Input the average velocity of the flow. The Linear Drain age Design Spreadsheet. 5% translates to a drop of 1” for a 16’ of Trench Drain. Turn data collection into an experience with Typeform. Note on your sketch the total square footage that drains to each zone for each surface type. A Mannings Formula pipe flow calculator for square and circular pipes. Pipe Slope (m/m) m/m. The values given above are inserted into the equation below and the solution is calculated: PS = 25 / 97 * 100 = 25. OSR LoginOSR Portal. equals 32. ACO QuAD Hydraulic Design 2. 15 minutes is the minimum length of time to To ensure the drain channel is secure, you want to do this process in two steps: first, floating the channel 1/16-inch below the first layer of concrete. 6. Jun 30, 2018 · Spee-D channel drains are 4-3/4 in. 3. In order to calculate the water flow rate with the Manning formula, wetted cross-sectional area, wetted perimeter, water surface slope and manning roughness coefficient values are needed. m 3 /s. A is the cross-sectional area of the trench drain in square feet. ACO Drain consists of cast polymer concrete bodies with either galvanized steel, stainless steel or cast iron wearing edges. Spee-D® Channel Drains. Drainage Area. A plastic channel drain ideal for residential and commercial applications such as driveways, large decks, commercial areas and light vehicular traffic areas. less than 1 in 110, then the pipe could block if the solids slow down and become stranded. There are two end caps that can be installed to the end of the channel. n = Manning coefficient of roughness - ranging from 0. 55 % Carrying capacity of the Drain, Linear drainage refers to systems that drain along their entire length, rather than at one particular point, as a gully does. The standard depth is about 12″. The Slim Channel Drain, part of the NDS Profile Channel series, captures light flows of runoff from pool and spa areas, concrete and paver patios and walkways to prevent growth of slippery mildew, concrete erosion and costly property damage. Gravel, along with other types of rock fragments such as sand and Blog. Channel Drains. Details for standard grates can be found in each associated ACO Drain product section. 009. The following calculator helps estimate the amount of gravel needed to cover an area based on the density and desired depth of the gravel. Flo-Well Calculator. Rain Bird Standard 5" Channel Drain is the complete professional drainage system . Our numerical solutions utilize a cubic solver. Be careful to keep the bottom of the trench flat so you don’t have high spots in the corrugated pipe that may hamper the flow of water. All parts are modular, customizable, and machined to exact specifications for a quality fit. 54. 5. This tool helps you find the volume of the trench (cubic meter of soil) by length and width to estimate the cost of the corresponding excavation work. A 4” wide drain offered in 4’ and 10’ lengths. Slope the trench downward 1 inch for every 10 feet of pipe that you plan to install. To remove bar, insert screwdriver into hole at end of bar and lever back serrated end, rotate bar free. Now, enter in depth, how deep do you want to fill the layout of your surface, e. KlassikDrain is a general purpose trench drain system available in 4″ (100 mm) – K100, 8″ (200 mm) – K200 and 12″ (300 mm) – K300 internal width with either galvanized or stainless steel edge rail. If the gradient is not steep enough i. To calculate the flow rate of a Slot Drain, you can use these formulas: 1/2 inch slot opening = 11 gallons per minute per foot of slot There are two options to drain the water out of the Spee-D Channel; the end of the channel or the bottom of the channel. Excellent performance at lowest possible cost. System is designed so that it can be cut to almost any length. To choose the best trench drain system for an application, follow these steps: Calculate peak flow; Choose pan and grate material; Measure slope of trench system; Calculate drain slot width; Calculate peak flow. Prinsco Drainage Calculators. Putting an A15 grate on a channel drain will only provide support for up to 1. Or call us at 888-825-4716. The steeper the grade of the installed pipe, the more water it will carry. g. Whether your job is small or large, these drains are the best Step 5: Calculate hydraulic radius and slope: Based on the design flow rate, determine the hydraulic radius (R) and channel slope (S) for the trench drain. Hydraulic Calculations. Gallons of storage provided: 0 gallons. Mar 12, 2024 · Follow the simple steps outlined below to obtain accurate flow calculations for your open channel projects. General. Jul 7, 2024 · Here's how you can use the crushed stone calculator: Select your surface shape, e. drain to a single downspout, find the area of each section individually and then combine them into one area. All-inclusive. Gravel is a loose mixture of rock fragments formed as a result of erosion. Checks the capacity of drain tile on existing drainage systems; Sizes the piping needed on the acreage to Channel drains, also known as trench drains, are long, narrow drains used for surface drainage of flat areas such as hardscapes. Included end cap/outlet combined with integrated bottom outlet and side-outlet knockouts provide 8 outlet options Channel Parameters (Input Values) Bottom Width W= Design Flow Rate (L/s) L/s. Shop NDS 10-ft L x 5-3/4-in W x 5-3/4-in dia Spee-D Channel Drains and Grates Drain in the Outdoor Drainage Accessories department at Lowe's. 4. Keep hardscapes free of excess water with an attractive drainage solution that's easy to install and maintain. The video shown here displays the assembly and installation of the K100 series. The open channel flow calculator Select Channel Type: Trapezoid Triangle Rectangle Circle Select parameter for solving Velocity(V)&Discharge(Q) Channel slope from V Channel slope from Q Manning Coefficient from V Manning Coefficient from Q Depth from Q RightSlope from Q Even slope from Q LeftSlope from Q Selecting "Re-development" on the "Project Cost" tab of the National Stormwater Calculator influences the site complexity, and shifts the costs towards a higher complexity cost estimation. Learn More. 6, or 33 drains required. 01 (a clean and smooth channel) to 0. polymer concrete systems = 0. , 8 feet. NDS Micro Channel Drains; NDS Slim Channel; price books, installation materials, case studies, calculators, product specs and much more Residential. long; length can be cut to size with a saw. Strength and Beauty. 5 times the velocity head to get the headwater depth or see my 2-minute tutorial for standard culvert headwater calculations using HY-8. A trench drain calculator is a specialized tool used by engineers and construction professionals. The drains should be equally spaced and located symmetrically about the roof. Our stainless steel trench drains use a proven design to create a clean environment in your kennel. Load Rating Recommendations. Parts List. Provide us with the initial values so we can determine the flow rate and speed of the surface water run-off. All of our calculations utilize double precision. EZ-Drain Calculator. The engineered design allows for heavy-duty requirements, and grates have been load Estimate trench excavation - online calculator. These channel drains have polymer and hdpe channels with a variety of grate options to choose from. NDS part # 245 connects to 2” schedule 40 pipe and part # 249 connects to both 3” sewer and drain pipe and 4” sewer and drain fittings. The allowable bearing pressure of the soil is 150 kN/m 2, the coefficient of friction Great for draining landscape beds. In our rectangular open channel flow calculator, most of the combinations of inputs have analytic (closed form) solutions to compute the unknown variables; however, two require numerical solutions ("Enter Q, n, S, y" and "Enter Q, n, S, b"). Standing surface water is not only a slip hazard&#8212;it can lead to mildew growth, concrete staining, and costly damage. NDS FILCOTEN fiber-reinforced concrete trench drain can withstand high load capacities making it an ideal choice for industrial applications like factories, garages and parking lots. An innovative drain basket protects your drainage system from hair and waste. Drainage Intensity represents the steady state drainage rate when the water table midway between parallel drains is at the soil surface. Enjoy the free libre HawsEDC AutoCAD tools too. It is a measure of the rate at which water can move through the soil to the drains. Drainage Coefficient quantifies the hydraulic capacity of the drainage system. each drain can handle 4,600 sq. For example, an ACO grate can only fit onto an ACO channel drain, so Please use the links below to access our tools and calculators. Jul 3, 2024 · Driveway Trench Drains come either with a 0. Pro Series Channel Drain is 4-3/4 in. Grate hydraulics. Driveway Trench Drain Installation does not require the Trench Drain to have a slope as the length is relatively short. In surface length, enter the length of your surface, e. Trench hydraulics. Create reports to calculate and compare the total installed cost differences between ADS dual wall pipe products and the competition. Hydraulic design of a trench drain can be quite complex depending on how accurate you need the calculations. Pavement Geometry. Find your nearest retailer or distributor. Nyloplast Grate Inlet Size & Type Calculator Based on Peak Flow of Site Design. Typical applications include roadways, sidewalks, parking lots, plazas, loading docks, industrial floors, parks and athletic fields. Qc = A* (1. Apr 2, 2024 · Finally, calculate the Pipe Slope using the equation above: PS = PF / PL * 100. Smooth it out, and allow it to cure fully. May 20, 2020 · This calculator uses Chézy and Manning’s formula to calculate the wetted perimeter, hydraulic radius, flow area, Chézy coefficient and flow velocity. # EZFlow of 10-ft pieces required: 0. The width of the slot opening determines the flow rate. Includes outlets, adapters end caps, tees and elbows. Create beautiful online forms, surveys, quizzes, and so much more. Commonly used where track surface is used on both sides of the drain (such as curves and high jump areas) System 2000 can be used in conjunction with System 4000 Matching in-line catch basin available The 5 in. 16cm - 91. high, and 10 ft. TrenchFormer is a pre-engineered, cast-in-place concrete forming system for forming surface drainage trenches, catch basins, utility chases, and voids in concrete placements. Click 'Calculate' to receive instant The Prinsco Drainage Calculator estimates the capacity of tile drainage systems. Roughness (n) 0. From the Manning's coeff. Swales should have a 3-to-1 width-to-height ratio, a slope along the longitudinal channel of 2% The basic cost to Install a Drain Line is $576 - $701 per piping run in April 2024, but can vary significantly with site conditions and options. Part No. The tool supports ACO's Civils + Infrastructure channel drainage systems. 37” Channels Number of HYDROTEC 19. 5% slope or a neutral slope. Enter the depth of the French drain. View Product. Rain Bird Standard 5" Channel Drain is the complete professional drainage system designed for sidewalks Channel & Trench Drains. Storage Volume (Gallons per 10-ft piece): 0. 2nd side slope, rise/run (s2 - ft/ft or m/m), enter 0. Mini Channel™ Outlets and Accessories. 013. of roof area. e. Make sure that the right grating is used for the job! Another thing to think about is that each grating is brand specific. Access the Tool. Calculates flow depth for a given design flow rate. Included end cap/outlet combined with integrated bottom outlet and side-outlet knockouts provide 8 outlet options per Aug 23, 2023 · Definition. The Swiftdrain 600 starts at $60 per linear foot with non traffic rated grates. Run layout design. If site grade is level or directed toward the house and if space is available on the site, install swales to capture, control, and filter stormwater runoff, allowing it to percolate into the soil on site. Its sleek design can easily be used in public places like railway stations, and pedestrian or residential areas. 4000-1 Sloped Channel. 011. Again, the first thing to consider is the weight rating. Q = A (m)2/3 (i)1/2 n Where A, is the cross-sectional area of the Drain n, surface roughness of the Drain, taken as 0. Exact width of the trench or channel. 318 if using imperial units, C is the roughness coefficient of the pipe material, R is the hydraulic radius (cross-sectional area divided by perimeter), and S is the slope of the pipe. This is the flow and depth inside an infinitely long pipe. NDS stormwater management solutions help control runoff and eliminate standing water across a variety of residential applications. The depth may need to be increased if there are any About the calculator. Length of Drain. Unit has both side drain and bottom drain options. It is the equation beginning with V= above. Gallons to be stored: 0 gallons. 06 (a channel with stones and debris, 1/3 of vegetation) R h = hydraulic radius (ft, m) S = slope - or gradient - of pipe (ft/ft, m/m) The Manning coefficients n in the English (Imperial) are equal to the coefficients in the SI system. If designing a custom channel, indicate the bottom b and top T width dimensions. Please give us your valued words of suggestion or praise. divided by the 4,600 sq. *Taller slots are available on special order. Find the right water management solution for you. StormChamber Design Calculator. 0 for vertical slope. 3” Pro Series. This flow rate calculator uses flow velocity and cross-sectional flow area data to determine the volumetric flow rate of liquid. The rectangular drain shown below is backfilled with a typical cohesionless granular material, having a unit weight (γ) of 18 kN/m 3, zero cohesion (C), and internal angle of friction (ϕ) of 30°. Graphs your channel to scale and outputs your normal and critical water depths. A Mannings Formula based open channel flow calculator. 77 (%) Example Problem #2: For this problem, the variables needed are provided below: pipe fall (ft) = 50. Rainfall Intensity. EZ-Flow Calculator. In most installations, an 8-12″ wide trench will suffice. See professionally prepared estimates for drain cleaning work. Enter the water flow depth y. Design Flow Rate (L/s) L/s. Adjust the channel slope and Manning's roughness coefficient as required. This value is the rate that the outlet works Mini Channel™ Drain Sections. 75” wide drain offered in 6 ft. Select the shape of the open channel from the given options. com. 44cm) N-12 pipe. All ACO’s channel systems are design to integrate with other systems that address these Contact NDS. For a trench system grate replacement quote, we’ll need: Exact width of the trench or channel. Formulas to Calculate Slot Drain ® Flow Rate. (n) field, select the material of the channel's surface. Rain Bird Low Profile 5” Channel Drain is our in line drainage solution perfect for sidewalks, driveways and pool decks because it is lightweight, durable and UV stabilized. 2. Step 1: Catchment hydraulics. Most are variations on the theme of an enclosed channel, typically with a u-shaped cross-section and some form of grating over the top. Ideal for residential patios, pool decks and driveways: Pre-assembled kit available. It calculates the necessary width of a trench drain based on various factors like flow rate, slope, and velocity of the liquid. $ 4,296. Indoor drains often are picked in standard sizes, without having to calculate peak flow, since pools Free Online Manning Formula Trapezoidal Channel Calculator >> Drop your fears at the door; love is spoken here. In this equation, k is either 0. The Aco Channels cost calculator has many different options: Excavation Type (by machine, by hand) Disposal of Soil (skips, grab lorry, rubble sacks) Bedding & Haunching (ready mix concrete, mix on site concrete) Aco Drainage Channels (galvanized, plastic, ductile iron) Channels Installation Cost (predefined cost or set your labour rates) Aug 4, 2022 · Worked Example on the Design of Rectangular Roadside Drains. Input all the measurements required to compute the cross-sectional area. Many houses do not have rain gutters installed. Try it for FREE. Calculations for concrete and clay pipe can be approximated by using the smooth pipe option. The basic cost to Clean Drain is $119 - $292 per drain in April 2024, but can vary significantly with site conditions and options. wide, 3-3/4 in. Send Us a Message. , 12 feet. fiberglass & GFRPC systems = 0. The portion of this roof that drains to each drainage zone needs to be accounted for. Required Information: Enter the Slope: Enter the Channel Bottom Width (ft): Enter the Flow Depth (ft): 0 gallons per minute. Unlike some other trench drain systems, it's fairly easy to figure out how much liquid a Slot Drain can handle. The hydraulic radius is calculated as the cross-sectional area divided by the wetted perimeter, and the slope is determined by the site's topography and drainage requirements. Flow Capacity (GPM at 1%): 0. Length of trench required: 0 ft. From residential to heavy-duty industrial sites, NDS is a industry leader innovative water management solutions. NEW! QuAD-VFC. 8″ wide ductile iron trench drain kit – 24 feet. Let A = cross sectional area of the trench drain in square feet. Available in 3”, 5”, 8” and 12” widths, Pro Series Channel Drains are a smart solution for residential and commercial applications and is load-rated up to Class C for heavier traffic loads. All systems have 130 ft (40 m) continuous slope. Our unique design software enables the efficient and accurate hydraulic design of surface water management schemes. See professionally prepared estimates for drain line 3 days ago · First use the Hazen-Williams equation to find the velocity of the fluid: v = k × C × R 0. What will be driving over the grates. lengths. If you’re still unsure that the grate is correct take several photos of your drain and existing grates and email them to us at sales Calculate Channel Flow (Q) for V shaped Channel (V-ditch): Calculation: Designer/Checker: Input: Metric Units : 1st side slope, rise/run (s1 - ft/ft or m/m), enter 0. NEW! Pipe Value Tool. concrete forming systems = 0. It is designed to handle light, low speed traffic. L/s. At this point, if you went for the most efficient design, the calculator will display your results. ACO Drain provides a wide selection of standard grates for all sizes and types of channels. Manning formula is an empirical formula for calculating the velocity of water in open channel flows and partially filled closed systems. This ensures optimal functionality and reduces chances of overflow or inadequate drainage. NDS experts can help solve your problem. Calculate pipe diameter. Features: Allows you to input width and slope both graphically or textually. 49/n)* (R)^2/3* (S)^1/2. Designed for residential applications including swimming pools, spas, and patios. 63 × S 0. Drain Systems - ACO SWM. (770) 505-6575. Let NDS evaluate and help you with preparation of your submittal drawings and specs. There is an enormous range available, from simple half-metre or metre-long polymer Online drainage calculator. The Manning equation is best used for uniform steady state flows. Crossfall (%) Select a region to inquire. Drainage Calculator. The hold down feet and pipe cut–outs make it simple to install. It also estimates the cost of purchasing a given amount of gravel. Select the type of service required (click relevant tab) >>. Remove the Tape. Product Details. Unique flanges on the bottom of the channel provide an anchoring lip for straight installation and prevents floating. Spee-D Channel Drains are 4-3/4 in. , 3 inches. Re-development combined with information on site suitability, topography, and soil drainage determines whether complex, typical, or simple cost curves apply. Description. 1. pipe length (ft) = 1460. 0 gives assurance that your design output will be fully compliant with best practice and the latest SuDS standards. 013 m, Hydraulic gradient of the Drain i, mean slope of the Drain, 3. Let R = the hydraulic radius which is calculated by. TRENCH DRAIN. 64‘ 2’ 0 1 1. System 4000 Channels. , Rectangular. As part of a complete drainage system, channel drains collect and convey water to drain pipes, which carry the water downstream to discharge with a pop-up emitter, or to percolate into the ground with a dry well or These highly durable and resistant linear strip drains are made to withstand and perform in NZ’s conditions. Mar 12, 2021 · Program Description. DRAIN D500S In order to determine the carrying capacity of the proposed Drain, the Manning’s Formula has been used. Now it is time to calculate the channel flow capacity to determine what size trench may be required for your application by using this formula: Qc = A* (1. 00 Add to cart. Aug 14, 2023 · The formula commonly used by a trench calculator is: Volume = Length x Average Width x Depth. Example: 150,000 sq. Shoulder height. Can you help me improve translations, program, or host these calculators? [Hide this line] Search for an approved NDS Preferred Partner here. Slope surface to grade away from the house. The world’s most popular modular trench drain system. Where as…. 849 for metric or 1. You can calculate the flow rate in five simple steps: Select the shape of the cross-section of the channel. Step 4: Divide total roof area by area found in Step 3 to obtain the number of drains required. Unique design features grate openings parallel to channel length and recessed grate for strength and effective runoff capture. You'll find detail sheets for PolyDrain®, Trenchformer, and FirstFlush product lines Review Nyloplast Grate Inlet Calculator. Patented flying buttress design provides load-bearing support from both sides and underneath. Calculate project cost based on price per cubic foot, cubic yard or cubic meter. Freestyle Grates – Custom Decorative Tops. Input the necessary channel dimensions, such as width and depth. deep and features a modular design with interlocking joints for a secure channel-to-channel connectionno couplings required, easy to cut to size in 4 in. increments with saw guide. deep and features a modular design with interlocking joints for a secure channel-to-channel connection-no couplings required, easy to cut to size in 4 in. Trench Drain with a neutral slope is a lot easier to assemble. STABLE & SECURE. Uniform means that the cross-section geometry of the channel remains constant along the length of Remaining grates can be removed by hand. If you are planning to create a trench for water drainage, plumbing/sewer/heating installation or other purposes, we recommend using this calculator. 1 Required Run Length Number of HYDROTEC 39. Allows you to interactively design Open Channel Flow for rectangular and trapezoidal shapes. Includes predefined shapes (triangle, rectangle, trapozoid) Includes US units. Here, Length refers to the longitudinal measurement of the trench, Average Width is the mean of the top and bottom widths, Depth refers to the vertical distance from the top to the bottom of the trench. All above and below ground horizontal drainage pipes should be laid to an adequate gradient. SIZING DATA (For Conventional Jun 30, 2018 · Spee-D channel drains are 4-3/4 in. Let n = the coefficient of friction of the trench drain body. See typical tasks and time to install a drain line, along with per unit costs and material requirements. Densities of Typical Pipe-Trench Fill; Fill Density (kg/m 3) Clay, damp: Sanitary Drainage Systems Free Online Manning Formula Trapezoidal Channel Calculator >> Drop your fears at the door; love is spoken here. << Manning Formula Uniform Trapezoidal Channel Flow at Given Slope and Depth. Enter measurements in US or metric units and get volume conversions to other units. Then, once it has set, backfill the rest of the trench with at least 4-inches of concrete on both sides. The 5 in. Gradients between 1 in 40 to 1 in 110 will normally give adequate flow velocities. Add at least 1. askACO to propose the correct drain size for your next project. We offer a broad range of high-quality and durable water management products to meet the performance needs of any size project. Oct 7, 2023 · Calculate cubic yards, cubic feet or cubic meters for landscape material, mulch, land fill, gravel, cement, sand, containers, etc. kj ul ju sg gg lc lg sb xl ok