Article. Pronouns 3. The Master’s Seminary Sun Valley, California GENERAL INTRODUCTION Biblical Hebrew is the language of the Old Testament except for the Aramaic passages found in Ezra 4:8–6:18 and 7:12-26, Daniel 2:4–7:28, Genesis 31:47 and Jeremiah 10:11. In English, the second person pronouns are “you” and “your,” used for both singular and plural. In this way confidencein reading Hebrew will be built up before more technical studies are undertaken. Download PDF. We aim to provide large amounts of basic-through-advanced Hebrew/English bilingual texts + audio. Relative pronoun. ), Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics See full list on hebrewpod101. 4) These are always the subject of a clause in Hebrew. 20 cm Addeddate PDF download. Presenting an accessible description of the language, this user-friendly Barrick & Busenitz, A Grammar for Biblical Hebrew 3. 23 Ppi 400 Scandate 20080208184708 Scanner scribe17 Together, they make the Hebrew word "Shalom". For example, the adjective “כחול” (kachol) means “blue” and is masculine, so it must be used with a masculine noun. archive. E. In this blog post, we'll break down the basics of Hebrew grammar and simplify them for beginners. Basic Word Order. May 6, 1997 · Popularly known as the Hertz Chumash, this classic Hebrew-English edition of the Five Books of Moses, with corresponding Haftorahs, is used in synagogues and classrooms throughout the English-speaking world. Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar, which is the standard reference grammar in English for Biblical Hebrew, in PDF format. Mar 14, 2008 · A Hebrew and English lexicon of the Old Testament : with an appendix containing the biblical Aramaic Pdf_degraded invalid-jp2-headers Pdf_module_version 0. Aug 7, 2020 · However, the basic minimum structure, as in English, is Subject-Predicate. Learn about the different types of Hebrew pronouns, including personal, reflexive, and possessive pronouns. If you wish to follow the course syllabus for this series of videos, you can download it here. General Hebrew Grammar Rules. Table that presents all the Hebrew pronouns, including their transliteration and translation. There is an accusative marker, et, only before a definite object (mostly a definite noun or personal name). Hebrew for The lexical form for the Hebrew personal pronoun is always the 3rd person masculine singular (3ms) form (hu). In Biblical Hebrew, personal pronouns change form according to gender ( masculine, feminine, or common ), number ( singular, or plural ), and person ( first, second, or third ). This handout mainly focuses on phonology, as morphology and syntax are covered in the second half of the course. Hebrew is read and written from right to left. It is our hope and prayer that the use of this grammar will prove to be a joyful exercise resulting in an understanding of the Hebrew Old Testament. ”. 00 on your order. Lexicity. I speak. Busenitz Provisional Compilation by M. field of investigation. << Return. Gender & Number in Hebrew Nouns, Pronouns, Adjectives, Verbs, & Participles. Hebrew Right to Left Reading Direction. Participle. 0. The app works on any device, including smartphones. cheeks. back. The pronoun refers back to a noun that is called the antecedent. Dr. Therefore, with just a little practice, you will be able to Learning Hebrew: Pronouns PRONOUNS In Hebrew pronouns function like pronouns in English . Be sure to chec These Hebrew online grammar lessons and PDF grammar download will really help you learn. Hebrew Nouns. Muraoka’s Grammar of Biblical Hebrew, one of the most complete Hebrew grammars available in English. Get our new e-Book. zero' - זרוע. Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary. Take a look. a-ni o-he-vet ot-kha. , hwhy yna ªånî YHWH ‘I am Yahweh’. This free online app powered by can translate PDF document from Hebrew to English. See Full PDF. ) 2. Gesenius (born at Nordhausen, Feb. Word Formation. Possession (pronouns). God called the vault “heavens”. It looks exactly like the Daghesh Lene but it is used to double the consonant in which it occurs. For the most part, Hebrew sentences follow a Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) order, just like English. it separate between water and water. Modern Hebrew is characterized by an asymmetry between definite objects and indefinite objects. There were Nov 29, 2022 · Addeddate 2022-11-29 05:29:33 Identifier a-practical-grammar-for-classical-hebrew_weingreen Identifier-ark ark:/13960/s2zzf4g7ccf Ocr In Bibical Hebrew, adjectives match the noun they describe in gender ( masculine or feminine ) and number ( singular or plural ). 5+ Hebrew Workbooks for Free! [PDF] by InfoBooks. The plural forms "We," "You" (plural), and "They" allow you to speak inclusively, making sure no one This table shows which forms are used in Hebrew to express positive and negative commands, wishes, or desires — thus the imperative, jussive, and cohortative. Hebrew, an ancient and fascinating language, offers language enthusiasts the opportunity to immerse themselves in a rich cultural and religious tradition. For example, the Hebrew word םִיַמָשַּׁה (the heavens) has a Daghesh Forte in the Shin (ּשׁ). These three prepositions, with. OTHB6300 Intermediate Hebrew Grammar. In English, we too have masculine and feminine pronouns (e. HEBREW GRAMMAR SERIES. Hebrew Sentence Structure. This third edition of Modern Hebrew: An Essential Grammar is an up-to-date and practical reference guide to the most important aspects of modern Hebrew, as used by contemporary native speakers of the language. אנחנו אוהבים אותם. fBarrick & Busenitz, A Grammar for Biblical Hebrew 30 The gutturals have three characteristics: (1) (2) (3) They refuse doubling (indicated by the use of dagesh forte,35 a dot in the bosom of a Hebrew character; e. ) pronoun (pro. Each square is accompanied by a small image that suggests the meaning of the pronoun next to it. New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary Biblical Studies Division Fall 2019 Tues/Thurs 8:00-9:20 AM. To Download FREE: Click the Item Number below. Ferr eira 1 English primarily uses gaps in wh-dependencies The place of the pronoun in its first clause (second sentential position) shows that it may be considered focused, fPronouns in Hebrew Verbal Sentences 9 whereas the pronoun in the second clause (first sentential position) may be considered extraposed: ‘it is you who should take the wine, and I — I will take the oil’. Yes, you just have to get used to it at first. Can you see me from there? a-ta ya-khol lir-ot o-ti Chapter 2h - Hebrew Vowels daghesh forte ּב This pointing symbol is called Daghesh Forte. a-nakh-nu o-ha-vim o-tam. Unlike the second and third-person pronouns that have two forms which are marked for gender, the two forms of 1csg ind. "Modern Hebrew Grammar: History of Scholarship", in Geoffrey Khan et al. It can also translate files hosted on websites without downloading them to your computer. This new revised edition brings the work up to the Feb 21, 2007 · Manual of Hebrew grammar English Item Size 325125905. – E. By Dr. That is, the verb sometimes comes before the subject, and the object comes %PDF-1. The mission of TeachMeHebrew. The former are used for the grammatical subject, e. 3. So, for example, "Shalom" could mean "peace, "wholeness" or "hello", depending on the context. Write some simple examples (in English and Hebrew) to help you remember the rules. Hebrew grammars by Christian authors appeared during the Renaissance. 2-8. in English as “t,” and the English, phonetic pronunciation of “t” is “th. In English, you just add “s” or “es” to the end of a noun in order to make it plural. There was evening. This means that the adjective must match the gender of the noun it describes. Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar. Morfix dictionary, the leading online Hebrew-English and English-Hebrew Dictionary, free translation, with audio pronunciation, inflections, synonyms, example sentences, Hebrew Nikud (punctuation), encyclopedia and more. – All forms in §8. Possessive Pronouns. Hebrew, the word for house is בַּיִת (bayit), I wrote the spirantized form of. Note: The introduction and writing exercises are exclusive to the PDF. Mar 6, 2020 · Hebrew and English English Alphabet Hebrew Alphabet 1. Below is our collection of Hebrew worksheets covering the alphabet, common words, phrases, and much more. Note that this paradigm must be memorized. 1. , whkh hikkahû ‘he hit him’), to nouns In Hebrew pronouns function like pronouns in English . By Jeff A. England Chair of the Division of Biblical Studies Professor of Old Testament and Hebrew, occupying the J. pptx. Barrick, Th. were above the vault, and it was so. The Hebrew alphabet, also known as the Alef-Bet, is the foundation of the Hebrew language. 1. A Reference Grammar of Modern Hebrew provides a clearly-structured and accessible guide to all aspects of contemporary Hebrew grammar. The focus of the grammar is the Masoretic Text of English Transliteration Hebrew; I love you. com has published the English translation of H. God made the vault, and separated between the water which were below the vault and the water tha. Along with the syllabus, I’ve also provided a link to the Mar 1, 2018 · Why are English and Hebrew Resumptive Pronouns Different? Adam Milton Morgan 1 , Julie Fadlon 2 , A ya Meltzer -Asscher 3 , V ictor S. As their names indicate, the first creates disjunction or division and the second creates conjunction or connection. Masculine. English is read and written from left to right. Interrogative pronoun or particle. For this revised edition the authors present a totally new and updated vocabulary for the lessons and for the appendixes. f. However, the sentence structure can vary slightly at times. When preceded by a definite article, it refers to a particular person involved in the activity of the verb. , “he” and “she”), and although we do not have a specifically designated neuter gender, we often times refer to something as “it” or “that” in our designations of objects, which in some languages such as Greek Aug 2, 2004 · Routledge, Aug 2, 2004 - Foreign Language Study - 304 pages. The Hebrew workbooks are essential resources for those who wish to learn and practice this fascinating language. Hebrew Grammar by Example Lesson 1. Choose your way to connect to this unique ancient-modern language and culture. “Modern Hebrew: An Essential Grammar” by Lewis Glinert This book provides a comprehensive and user-friendly guide to modern Hebrew grammar, including nouns, verbs, sentence structure, and more. To Purchase: Choose options and click Add To Cart. • In addition, each Hebrew word is translated into English, so you can understand what it means within the context. II. In this compact volume, the late Chief Rabbi of England, Rabbi Dr. 9780310098447_DictBibLangs_3p. On nouns, they act as a genitive pronoun, showing possession. ateh meḏever N2 - Student feedback videoThe updated version of this widely-used Modern Hebrew grammar textbook is now available in print and digital formats. In Biblical Hebrew, verbs, pronouns, and pronominal suffixes can all Feb 13, 2023 · Hebrew grammar can seem intimidating at first, but with a bit of patience and practice, it can be mastered. Mar 23, 2021 · Pdf_module_version 0. Word pronunciation and usage examples are provided by Merriam-Webster. their primary meanings, in alphabetical order are: – “in, by, with”; – “as, like, according to”; – “to, for, at. Forms shown in parentheses are alternate spellings found in the Hebrew scriptures and also should be memorized. English Nouns. In Hebrew, you have a masculine and feminine gender in nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and participles. English has 5 "vowel letters" (AEOIU), Hebrew has only 4 "vowel letters" (אהוי), but also dozens of different signs. Verbs overview (root). Joseph Hertz, provides readers with a lucid exposition of the text and ISBN: 9780567663337 The first edition of van der Merwe, Naudé, and Kroeze’s A Biblical Hebrew Reference Grammar (Sheffield Academic Press, 1999) was a great tool for the intermediate student of Biblical Hebrew. Mar 18, 2021 · 1. Talk About Family. Et-ha is currently undergoing fusion and reduction to become ta. Hebrew Pronouns. 3, 1786; from the year 1810 Professor at Halle, where he died Oct. Some common examples of nouns in the Biblical text are בן ( ben - son), מלך ( melek - king), ארץ ( erets - land), יד ( yad - hand), חי ( hhai - life) and עץ ( eyts - tree). Just so we’re clear, let’s define the words “subject,” “verb,” and “object” before we go any further. This site is especially for those who prefer to teach themselves, rather than take classes. The volume divides Biblical Hebrew syntax and morphology, into four parts. Lesson 2. This language has a unique set of grammatical rules that set it apart from other languages, but these rules are not as complex as they may seem. aney meḏever - אני מדבר. Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. The participle is often used as a noun, describing a person by what he does or has done. We’ll cover three key points by way of comparing and contrasting Hebrew with English. For example, we might say, in paraphrasing from Exodus 20:10, “Thou shalt not do any work, thou In this sentence, “hem” means “they” and “lomedim” means “learn. Sentence structure. 2. It may be best to work through the whole course at least once before consulting other books. arm. They provide a wide range of activities and exercises that allow students to systematically and effectively strengthen and consolidate their language skills in Hebrew. This text is about Ashkenazi Hebrew, one of the most historically important variants of the language. [1] Consider ten li et ha-séfer "give:2ndPerson. The first English edition of 1991 was based on the original work in French by Paul Joüon published for the first time in 1923. Note also that the 1st person forms are the same for either gender (designated by Simplified Hebrew Grammar. indd 12 1/29/20 10:55 AM Introduction • 13 FORMAT Dictionary of English Grammar for Students of Biblical Languages includes over 150 entries of grammatical terms, listed in alphabetical order. Because Hebrew is a very different language, an effort is made not to confineit too strictly within a net of English grammatical terms. It was a pleasant surprise to find that each had adhered to the same basic philosophy of teaching Hebrew grammar. These pronouns are May 25, 2020 · Pronouns are the key to all sorts of Hebrew grammar! This video introduces all of them, and gives you a visual hook to help you remember them. g. In the nineteenth century ' the advances in Hebrew philology are especially connected with the names of W. Sep 12, 2021 · Harder to write Hebrew using ink, but we manage. W. A Noun is defined as a person, place or thing and is the most common type of word in the Biblical text. Lesson 14: Hebrew Nouns. In the context of grammar, the subject is the agent or the noun that is behind the verb. xvi, 158 p. Singular Jewish learning among English-speaking Jews assume joint responsibility, all previous efforts in the English language having been the work of individual translators. ateh meḏever Jun 7, 2018 · On Pronouns in Hebrew Verbal Sentences. There are three prepositions in Hebrew that are always attached to the word they are modifying, and that is why they are called “inseparable. However, there are some exceptions to this rule. In this first part of our series on Hebrew grammar, we will explore the basics of the Hebrew alphabet Jewish learning among English-speaking Jews assume joint responsibility, all previous efforts in the English language having been the work of individual translators. This is the list of common Hebrew prepositions. 5+ Hebrew Learning Books for Free! [PDF] by InfoBooks. Basic Word Order with Subject, Verb & Object. com is to help you become fluent in modern Israeli Hebrew. We love them. Microsoft PowerPoint - bbh2_tb_ch8_pronouns. "your envyings, and your strifes" (3 Nephi 30:2) In English, when a list of nouns is preceded by a personal possessive pronoun (such as her, his, my, our, thy (your), their ), general practice is to use the pronoun only once. יוֹם שֵּנהִיGod said: Let there be a vault in the midst of the water, and le. This edition continues offering an easy reference for Hebrew grammar and syntax. Added are the full participle paradigms and the second variation of the Hophal stem. In Hebrew, vowel signs determine the pronunciation of the letters. Download the sample PDF grammar now and save $5. Below is a list of the Personal pronouns, indefinite pronouns, relative pronouns, reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Hebrew placed in a table. Tali Bar, Kochav Ya’ir. “th” is the way the t is actually pronounced in English. NOT me, my, her, him, his. a; byEAa Apr 28, 2024 · Learn Essential Hebrew personal pronouns with this comprehensive guide! In this video, we'll cover personal pronouns in Hebrew, including clear explanations Microsoft PowerPoint - 08_overheads. First person pronouns refer to the person speaking. Add to Cart. 2 contains a complete listing of the Masoretic accents. Lesson 14. Save Page Now. Professor’s Name: Archie W. If a noun is dual , its accompanying adjective will be plural. Systematically organised, it presents the basic structures of the language, looking at grammatical categories, phrases, expressions, and the construction of clauses and sentences. In Hebrew, adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender. cebu. Hebrew grammar. See the prefaces for more information about the book's earlier editions. A good way to broach the subject of Modern Hebrew grammar is to look at how it compares to what we know about English grammar. Hebrew – English Glossary to the Vocabulary Lists in A Grammar for Biblical Hebrew (2010 Revised Edition) by William D. In Biblical Hebrew, terms which are marked for second personal can change form according to both gender ( masculine and feminine) and number ( singular or plural ). A Grammar for Biblical Hebrew represents a combining of those two grammars. ) stone noun ch 13 ~h'r"b. Common or basic stem of a verb, usually in the active voice; the fundamental meanings of a verb are found in the Qal. F. 1 Introduction. Unlike English and most other languages of the world, Hebrew is read and written in the direction from right to left. In the English alphabet, there are 26 letters: some are vowels (a, e, i, o, u), and some are consonants (b, c, d, g, etc. Jul 10, 2023 · The first edition of Hebräische Grammatik was published in German by Wilhelm Gesenius in Halle in 1813. Feb 6, 2008 · Gesenius' Hebrew grammar English Item Size Pdf_module_version 0. Dec 25, 2021 · This is a lesson on Hebrew Pronouns and shows how gender and pronouns are fundamental to understanding and applying Hebrew verb conjugations as well as expre For now, it will suffice to memorize the word asher and be familiar with the grammar of the relative clause. Benner. Top 25 Questions Worksheet. Similarly, the adjective “כחולה” (kachola) means “blue” and Barrick & Busenitz, A Grammar for Biblical Hebrew 3 PREFACE Originally, the authors had composed their own individual grammars during the course of teaching Biblical Hebrew on the seminary level. Cowley (1861–1931)) of the last significant revision of the work (1909, E. Originally, the authors had composed their own individual grammars during the course of teaching Biblical Hebrew on the seminary level for many years. An intermediate-level reference grammar for Biblical Hebrew, it assumes an understanding of elementary phonology and morphology, and it defines and illustrates the fundamental syntactical features of Biblical Hebrew that most intermediate-level readers struggle to master. This PDF is a slightly expanded version of some of Daniel’s work below. In the Hebrew alphabet, there are 22 letters, all of which are לַיֵּמ . Sewa. The Hebrew vocabulary in this Hebrew lesson is packed with the most commonly used pronouns in English: "I" for referring to oneself, "You" for addressing both informal and formal subjects, and "He," "She," and "They" for third-person references. download 1 file While modern spoken Israeli Hebrew has a more or less consistent standard of pronunciation, there are a lot of radically different ways the same Hebrew words can be pronounced in religious or historical contexts in different communities. The aim of this article is to d iscuss so me syntactic aspects of the usage Book description. Consisting of 22 letters, the Hebrew alphabet is both unique and ancient, with a history dating back to the 10th century BCE. Grammatically they are very similar to pronominal suffixes, but they stand alone rather than attaching to other kinds of words; also, they are more limited in Aug 20, 2018 · Hebrew Grammar 2. Hebrew Grammar I The Master’s Seminary 7 HEBREW GRAMMAR I OT 503 Prepared by William D. Vowel Signs. The latter are suffixed to verbs as direct objects (e. 16+ Printable Hebrew Worksheets at HebrewPod101. Kautzsch). (eds. 23, 1842), who above all things aimed at the fruitful service to. The disjunctive accents are dominant in May 9, 2014 · Hebrew Pronouns Poster, Male and Female. It aims to combine the spirit of Jewish tradition with the results of biblical scholarship, ancient, medieval, and modern. הם אוהבים אותנו. you speak. Independent Personal Pronouns (§8. They can be added to nouns, verbs, direct object markers, and prepositions. אני אוהבת אותך. , = ‘you’ (2fp) Distinguish the interrogative particle from the article Translate texts with a/an: Independent personal pronoun. This comprehensive guide covers the forms and uses of these pronouns and includes examples to help you effectively communicate in Hebrew. I would be interesting to have both examples of sentences of day-by-day Hebrew and sentences used in the literature. For example, in. D. Profiat Duran published an influential grammar in 1403. It has a character of its own. the conjunctive accents. Below is a list of the Nouns and Words in Hebrew placed in a table. English Pronouns. William Barrick / August 20, 2018. They prefer a-class vowels. ) in Hebrew. guev - גב. Perfect for use on a smart phone or an iPad (using the free iBooks app). Summarize the usage of the relative pronoun on a small flashcard. are not marked for gender, making the distinction between the two forms an A handout for the first half of a class on the historical grammar of Hebrew. In Hebrew, the way in which you would pluralize a noun differs Below is a list of the Personal pronouns, indefinite pronouns, relative pronouns, reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Hebrew placed in a table. Where necessary, I have attempted to define the term according to its specific uses in English, Hebrew, and Greek. Also, the gender of some nouns does not match their apparent form (as in נָשִׁים “women pronouns we have already seen, Hebrew also has pronominal suffixes – that is, pronouns that are appended as a suffix to other words. Each page provides a clear explanation of a particular aspect of Hebrew grammar with examples of use. , b/Fh' (h&Fob = the good). , on a quiz, you may be given “I” or “1cs independent personal These books provide a comprehensive and in-depth look at Hebrew grammar and are suitable for both beginner and advanced learners of the language. org Republisher_time 458 Scandate 20210313234658 Scanner station44. INDEPENDENT PERSONAL PRONOUNS Personal pronouns can be first, second, or third person and either singular or plural. 25 While considering, don't stop learning! or, better, subscribe to them as a newsletter! Stay tuned! Online Hebrew School - variety of courses and free resources, to suit any schedule, any learning style and any level. To Gideon, the quintessential teacher. Download. Hebrew Grammar Introduction – Charnock Institute of the Bible This site offers a free 10 week intensive course based on A New Grammar of Biblical Hebrew (copyrighted There are three prepositions in Hebrew that are always attached to the word they are modifying, and that is why they are called “inseparable. Nouns and Gender In Hebrew, all nouns have May 20, 2018 · 1. Discover resources to deepen your understanding of Hebrew grammar and improve your language skills. Barrick and Irvin A. com The. that is, a word that replaces a noun. Judah Messer Leon 's 1454 grammar is a product of the Italian Renaissance. There are two major categories of Masoretic accents: the disjunctive accents and. In. It should be rendered, therefore, with two . Scott Bashoor, Fall 2011 a ba' father tent noun ch 2 db;a' !roh]a; he perished verb ch 18 noun!b,a,ñ (f. Books for learning Hebrew are valuable resources for those who wish to master this language and explore its historical heritage. Files translation can be converted into multiple formats, shared via email or URL and saved to your device. Memorize the vocabulary at the top of the page. Personal pronouns Like all Semitic languages, Hebrew has two sets of pronouns: free or inde-pendent forms, and bound or suffixed forms. 10 Ppi 360 Rcs_key 24143 Republisher_date 20210323123720 Republisher_operator associate-queeny-veroy@archive. Wash Watts Chair of Old Testament Hebrew. ), they act as the object. Hieronymus Buclidius, a friend of Erasmus, gave more than 20,000 francs to establish a branch of Hebrew studies at Louvain in Flanders. Teach Me Hebrew - Home. Click on any of the words below to see full inflection. Hebrew poster featuring several squares, each containing a pronoun in Hebrew. By Justin Alfred. On other words (verbs, prepositions, etc. Lesson 15. hem o-ha-vim o-ta-nu. PREFACE. This edition is the English translation (1910, A. Unlike English, Hebrew has special signs that guides you on how to read the letters properly. The first thing that you notice when starting to learn Hebrew is its reading and writing direction. For example, “cat” becomes “cats,” and “box” becomes “boxes. Do you love me? a-ta o-hev o-ti? אתה אוהב אותי. ppt. Irv Busenitz and I wrote our own Hebrew Grammar and have used this to teach students at the Master’s Seminary for many years. This would aid many follow-ups such as memorizing, constructing our own sentences or even texts, etc. The book includes easy-to-understand explanations of Hebrew grammar in English, with examples in Hebrew with English translations. top of page. I, you, she, he, it, they. Know pronouns as vocabulary with gender, number, and person. the exercise below, write the formal English transliterated form, and then in. Student feedback video The updated version of this widely-used Modern Hebrew grammar textbook is now available in print and digital formats. They love us. This thesis is a holistic approach to understanding the first-person (1), common (c), singular (sg), independent (ind. Already well-known in its two-volume first edition, this is the most extensive revision yet of Paul Joüon and T. org Scanningcenter Yet another way in which Hebrew grammar is different from English grammar has to do with making nouns plural. Section Exercises. pro. 3 except הוא. The Hebrew Alphabet. Hebrew Alphabet. Memorize these to write in Hebrew. 5 %µµµµ 1 0 obj >>> endobj 2 0 obj > endobj 3 0 obj >/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group >/Tabs/S The strong gutturals are j and h. xp bd jq pg eh hh vv zc ge gv