It can be an expression of excitement, social interaction, or simply a way to initiate play. 6. If your cat approaches you, bites you a few times harmlessly, and then walks away, she might be drawing your attention to something she wants to show you. The tantrums start to become aggressive — when a child hits, kicks, bites others or themselves and/or breaks things during the tantrum. Mar 16, 2023 · Here are some of the possible reasons why your cat might attack you: 1. Aug 22, 2023 · No-see-ums, also called biting midges, are tiny insects that bite to procure a blood meal for egg production; only female no-see-ums bite. There you sit, enjoying a quiet moment while gently petting your beloved feline when he suddenly, inexplicably, turns and sinks his teeth into your hand, or lashes out with his claws. Feb 10, 2018 · Puppies, because of their size, will also not play bite as hard, but as they grow up their strength will naturally increase. They’re Playing. As you do, firmly say, “ That hurts. Temper tantrums happen in a variety of settings both in and out of the home. Nov 9, 2023 · Try adding in a daytime nap, and/or adding a third meal if your pup is only eating twice a day. One possibility is that the rabbit is trying to establish dominance. Mar 29, 2023 · 2. Depending on what size the bird is, such a bite can be painful and cause a small injury. As you may or may not already know, there is in fact a right and a wrong way to hold a bearded dragon. Some dogs may bite hard enough to crush bones. After saying “No!” one or two times, there’s no need to do anything more. This is because bed bugs will often pierce the skin in multiple places to find an easy spot to draw blood from. For example, males biting each other to display dominance to younger, smaller males. If the response is one of fear, it can be that your cat is scared and if they don’t have the opportunity to get away, the cat may bite as an outcome of this. usually a sign they’re overtired so pop them somewhere safe like a crate or playpen with a chew. To make a baking soda paste, mix equal parts baking soda and water until it forms a paste. 8 Mar 18, 2020 · Using ice or a cold pack can help soothe your nipples and reduce pain. Be firm and calm. Getting Your Attention. ”. After that she will start shrieking and crying because of the pain. Sudden aggression usually has a precise cause, so make sure you consider bases both medically and emotionally. To further reduce the risk of infection, disinfect the cleansed duck bite wound. Act in self-defense. Territorial rabbits can also bite if you’re in their space. Tantrums continue frequently past the peak age (2-3 years old). This is usually a result of friendly social grooming gone too far, which can happen due to stress, boredom, or lack of dietary fiber. Pay Attention to Feeding Cues. Medical Issues. These bites usually occur around feet, ankles, armpits, waist, or in the bends of elbows The reason why your German Shepherd bites you could be that it gets excited and it is trying to show its excitement. How to stop baby biting in the long-term . Dec 19, 2022 · It's a pain, but a familiar one. Implement a cool-down period when redirection fails: Aug 8, 2022 · 5. so this is my baby boy tofu looking cute as ever after he viciously attacked me. Some bites are inhibited and may leave no marks on the skin. Jun 21, 2024 · 4. Apply the paste to the bite and let it sit for 10-15 minutes before washing it off. The disinfectant may hurt, especially if the wound is open, but this step will help prevent infection. Sep 7, 2022 · A bird bite is usually a very quick nip with a good bit of pressure behind it. #1. It’s an act of defense. Make eye contact and say "no" firmly. Dogs often exhibit this behavior during their developmental stage as they explore their surroundings and learn appropriate social skills. Bedbug bites tend to look similar to other insect bites. It’s a win-win! Read on for 6 common reasons 8- to 20-week-old puppies sometimes act like pint-sized landsharks. Note: You are not putting your puppy in a time out. Bed bug bites can be itchy. Young puppies need 16-18 hours of sleep each day. Unfortunately, no one prepared me that this would happen when I got my first puppy. Kittens are extremely playful and silly, and their antics may take you by surprise. 2. Apr 14, 2023 · There are a number of theories as to why fleas are more attracted to some people rather than others. “Sometimes they do this because they are teething,” suggests Karten. House rabbits may also lash out as a sign of stress or pain. As long as it remains gentle and controlled Feb 19, 2018 · Option #1: It’s a love bite! Your cat is showing you affection. For an older toddler who’s a regular biter, be positive when he doesn't bite. “Baby can come back to breast after this, but if the biting continues, break the suction, say ‘no, no, no,’ three times, set your baby down somewhere safe, and walk away for a minute or two,” says Shipley. They may also bite from the excitement of seeing a family member they haven’t seen for a while. Offer a Teething Toy. Cats may bite people for a variety of reasons, including improper play habits in childhood, overstimulation, affection, and more. Nov 30, 2023 · Bed bug bites are usually small. Redirect: For example, if your tyke gives your hair a yank, gently remove their hand and show them a nicer way to touch your locks. While puppies are still with their mothers and siblings, they begin to explore the Parents should have a zero-tolerance rule for biting — at home, daycare, and elsewhere. When an animal is in ill-health, they will be defensive. I have heard this before and in my experience, women seem to get bit more than men Nov 22, 2023 · If baby is not interested in nursing, she might fuss a few seconds but then go on to something else. May 12, 2022 · Why Birds "Beak" You. This would be more likely if it only seems to bite you when you’re about to do something that it likes such as to go out for a walk. Dominance. While this is usually negative attention, it can still reinforce the behavior and cause a child to repeat it. Jun 3, 2023 · Disinfect the Wound. Possible reasons for biting include normal puppy behaviour Jul 9, 2023 · Playful biting, also known as mouthing, is a common behavior in dogs. For some individuals, biting can provide a means of emotional regulation and catharsis. Calmly let your child know it’s not OK to bite people. In lighter skin, the bites usually appear red Most children stop biting on their own. If it does, you’re dealing with an aggressive bite. The act of biting may serve as a release for intense emotions or stress, offering a temporary outlet for tension and helping individuals cope with overwhelming feelings. Once you are done cleaning the wound with the disinfectant, pat it dry with sterilized gauze. Budgies can also bite if they feel threatened or scared. If your baby does bite, take them off the breast and offer something else to bite on instead (Mohrbacher, 2013). Do not force a child who bit and the child who was hurt to play together. One possible reason why a baby opossum may bite is fear. If your baby keeps biting, put him on the floor for a short time straight after he bites. Budgies are very curious creatures and love to explore their surroundings. If the bite doesn’t hurt, I’d say it’s probably a love nip. They also prefer dark, contrasting colors. After getting your puppy’s attention and telling them “No!”, it’s important to guide their biting to a suitable toy. One of the most obvious and reasonable suggestions is that fleas are attracted to certain chemical compositions. One of my twin babies has started biting herself when I try to soothe her (when she starts crying). Nov 30, 2023 · Here are 10 tactics to stop toddler biting. When a dog does bite a family member, it is usually a “man made” problem caused by abusive training or handling. If redirection works, prioritize this technique and capitalize on keeping your Aussie distracted while rewarding their alternative focus. In fact, holding them the wrong way is one of the leading causes of being bitten – because it leads to the bearded dragon being scared or uncomfortable. This means that due to the differing skin secretion and gas emissions from person to person, some people are more desirable to fleas Nov 2, 2022 · A gerbil bite doesn’t always draw blood, but it can be painful and come as a bit of a shock when it happens. Teething . “When you return, talk to your baby, letting them know that biting hurts, and you can Sep 15, 2023 · It’s best to give your baby a clear verbal response when they bite, pinch or pull hair. g. The first With biting, follow the advice above and try placing two fingers in their mouth to separate their jaw, and pull them away. Rabbits can usually be discouraged from biting the fur off themselves or each Jan 18, 2024 · Why Does My Puppy Bite Me and No One Else Introduction It's common for puppies to bite, and it's something that most new puppy owners will experience. Week 5: Picking Up Your Hamster. But biting after age 3 may be a sign that a child has problems with self-control or expressing feelings. Rabbits are territorial animals, and by biting, they may be asserting their dominance over their owner. Other bites may bruise, pinch, or indent the skin without creating bleeding. If your baby starts to look around or lose interest in feeding, it might be time to end the session. If your budgie is biting you, it could be because they are curious and want to explore you. Jun 23, 2024 · Week 1: Getting Used to You. If baby bites, it’s not a good idea to scream or yell on purpose as a method to stop biting — there are better ways to teach baby not to bite. The baby has an ear infection. Nursing on the undamaged side first. Another reason for biting could be fear or feeling threatened. Jul 5, 2024 · 4. sometimes it’s my lip, other Apr 27, 2021 · Provide the animal with a scratching posts, toys and other accessories which keep them stimulated. Jun 21, 2022 · But again, avoid yelling or startling them. Your quiet moment bursts like a soap bubble and now you’re angry and likely a little hurt. When Killer initiates play biting, he is doing it because he’s having fun with you. If your puppy was taken away from his canine mother too early, he would have missed the chance to practice his bite threshold with her and his siblings. Occasionally rabbits bite the fur off other bunnies that they live with too. Often, babies bite towards the end of a feeding when they’re full or getting bored. If your Aug 12, 2015 · As far as your question on why the fleas bite some people and not others, I have no idea. Respond right away. Solution to fix bedtime false starts due to overtiredness. Communicate needs and desires, such as hunger or fatigue. If your child is ever around another child who bites, keep them apart for awhile. With the right approach, she’ll understand that she can let it all out on her toys instead of her humans or other pets. For the most part, bites are situational and are sparked by specific stressors. You can try saying “no biting” but don’t yell or use physical punishment. One of the most common examples happens when an indoor cat sees an outdoor cat through a window. In a firm, serious (but not threatening) voice, say, “No biting!" Then redirect them to something Being curious about why your child has bitten and making a connection with them. The signs can vary from dog to dog, but generally speaking, a dog with a low, stiff body posture, flat ears, raised Jun 28, 2024 · They can cause infection, scarring, and even cat scratch fever. Apr 7, 2021 · Firstly, puppies can bite for a number of reasons; although we would always advise a visit to your vet if things are worsening. Week 2: Getting Used to Your Hand. Aug 11, 2021 · Rabbits bite their owners because of food aggression, sexual maturity, self-defense, boredom, and dominance. Most babies will dislike this separation. It’s hard to tell from your description if that’s the case here. Give them attention again and resume the activity. Expression/compression – Keeping milk flowing can help. Communicate or express difficult feelings, such as frustration, anger, confusion, or fear (“There are too many people here and I feel cramped”). The fear can cause them to act on impulse. Your budgie is feeling threatened. Parents should respond to the behavior with a firm, “No biting!”. Dec 31, 2020 · Reason 3: Redirected Aggression. Some cats may simply be cranky and in pain due to an underlying medical condition. Another reason your cat may bite you is to call your attention to something that’s bothering them. No-see-ums are attracted to carbon dioxide, body heat, moisture, lactic acid, and natural odors emitted by humans and animals. Nov 22, 2022 · In most cases, real biting is a last-resort defense mechanism. Anything can happen when your cat is in an obvious state of bliss. If he's bitten another child, check how severe the bite is. Baby can’t bite if she is actively sucking. Aug 14, 2023 · Say “No!” in a deeper voice than usual. Because twiddling stimulates your nipples, it can help make that happen. Oct 21, 2023 · When a rabbit bites its owner but not anyone else, there could be several reasons behind this behavior. “But, often they do it because they use their tongue and mouth to learn about the world Mar 20, 2023 · id assume that your husband doesn’t respond in a way the puppy founds exciting or puppy feels more confident in playing with you. Parents or caregivers should also wash the affected area with soap and water. Another reason babies reject their bottles or bite on the nipple without drinking has to do with a possible ear infection. I did some research on this and all I could find in the literature is that fleas generally prefer dogs and cats, will bite humans and seem to prefer some people over others. Guide The Biting. sometimes we’ll be watching a movie together in my bed and he’ll be snuggling up in my hand. Not every puppy bite is a warning sign of aggressive behavior in canines. he’s a lovely bird, hand raised and loves snuggling and cuddles and lots of head scratches. Most of the time, your pet hamster will be a cuddly, affectionate companion, but in some situations, hamsters can and do bite. You may be tempted to wean your baby if they're biting, but there are lots of things you can try first. This serves to break the behavior and remove them from the situation causing you pain. But the behavior isn't at all unusual. These bites are typically gentler bites that do not break human skin. . If you Nov 30, 2023 · If your baby is older than four months, you can massage the gums before and during a breastfeeding break. When a gerbil bites, it’ll either bite down hard because it’s threatened or give a gentle nip to warn you away. Once corrected, try to redirect their behavior to something appropriate. If it does happen, be sure to deal with it right away. First, pet birds routinely use their beaks as a third hand to test the strength of perches. Until little by little, your pooch would make the connection…. This is especially true of older cats and the same thing goes for dogs. Love bites are usually much lighter than petting aggression. Their “awake time” or “wake window” is the time in which they can happily stay awake before needing to sleep. Signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock include itching, sweating, diarrhea and vomiting, erythema, breathing problems, and swelling around the eyes and lips. Dec 13, 2021 · and infestation by external parasites, such as mites. Love Bites. If you’re petting your cat and they’re loving it Jul 12, 2024 · Grasp the cat by the scruff of its neck, pick the cat up, and move it to another area of the house or room. Biting occurs in a variety of situations, most often when many children are together, such as at a day care center. You can avoid the attack with short petting sessions or by giving your cat attention in other ways. Dogs bite for many reasons. Oct 4, 2021 · If a baby bites you or someone else, remove your baby’s mouth from the “victim” and tell your baby a firm “no” out loud. Preventing overtiredness at bedtime involves a few different strategies: #1 Figure out your baby’s unique awake time. Getting your kitten overexcited with rough play is a sure way to encourage biting. She will try to bite her lower arms or wrist and leave bite marks. In some cases, they will also bite when they’re upset. This behavior should subside as the kittens grow and become less dependent on their Feb 14, 2024 · 4. Fainting. Week 3: Offering Treats. By comforting the victim first, parents will be taking the first step in curbing the negative behavior. They are TIRED. What can families do to prevent biting? There are a variety of things that families can do to prevent biting. In the world of rabbits, any fighting is usually between other rabbits for breeding or territorial reasons. Why do kids and toddlers bite? Children ages 1 to 3 years old may bite when they're overcome by feelings like fear, anger, and frustration; they're overstimulated; or they're alright. Your rabbit might bite you if they’re in shock. There are ways to train your cat so she realizes that biting isn’t allowed. For example, you can say, ‘No’. Additionally, twiddling may offer your little May 2, 2024 · Strong punishment can lead to fear, anxiety, and even more biting and aggression. Sep 21, 2020 · As your baby grows, they want more milk and they want it to come out faster. They also use their beaks to generally check out the physical rigidity of all climbing structures, including its owner's hand before they 3. Obviously, if a cat is grooming another cat, it will often do the very same thing. Use little words and a big tone. Any longer than that can confuse your pooch or lead them to do something else. com. Correct when necessary: if your cat bites or scratches you, react calmly. Nov 21, 2020 · Toddlers often bite to receive attention. You can also try to distract your baby with a toy or a song. Fear. Start breastfeeding on the non-damaged side first for a few days as your skin heals Jan 27, 2021 · Immediately after your dog bites you, get up and leave the room for about 10 – 20 seconds. Jul 31, 2023 · Some kitties might even gently bite as a sign of affection or to get your attention. This is especially true for kittens because they still haven’t learned what is and is not appropriate behavior. Accidentally reinforcing the biting. out of nowhere he’ll just charge up to my face and bite my nose extremely hard. That involves way too much time, talking, and attention to be an effective Jun 24, 2024 · Why Does My Cat Bite Me and No One Else? There are various reasons for this, and it all has to do with the purpose of the biting behavior and your history with your cat. Rashes that are widespread, and severe itching. dummy, teething toy, etc. A love bite doesn’t break the skin, and it shouldn’t hurt. In this article, we'll explore the reasons behind this Nov 28, 2011 · Sometimes, cats like to give what we could call “love nips”, in which they’ll lick and lick and then very gently bite. Cats bite for: Play. In a typical self-grooming session, a cat will sometimes gently bite his or her fur first, in order to remove something hard to get off or to untangle fur, then lick to finish off the cleaning process. Dominance and Assertiveness. Sometimes, they do it to show dominance too. The Dog Is Protective of Themselves or Their Owners: If your dog is protective of you or someone else in the household – like their littermate – they may be more likely to bite when they feel threatened. Step #3: Once they bite you again, repeat steps #1 and #2. When a husky bites its owner, the owner must react in a way that stops the behavior altogether. 4. Address your child with a firm "no biting!" or "biting hurts!" Keep it simple and easy for a toddler to understand. Your cat is still young and learning what it means to be a cat. Apr 4, 2024 · Some people call this behavior "cobbing" because it may look like a person eating corn on the cob. If necessary, give the child basic first-aid – run the bitten area under warm tap water and put on a plaster. In the meantime, it's important to stop your child when he hurts himself. Oct 14, 2022 · Sometimes, a bite on the nose is an indication that your cat wants to engage in playtime with you. Oct 14, 2022 · The vast majority of "spider bites" are caused by something else, research shows. Neutering or spaying rabbits can also reduce territorial behavior and aggression. You may notice that they try to bite you when you get near their mouth or you try to touch them somewhere on their Jan 10, 2023 · Tantrums happen nearly every day. Get attention. If your puppy bites you, you need to ignore the behavior and remove *yourself* from the interaction, with no drama. To do this, wash your hands thoroughly and gently rub the gums with a finger or an oral hygiene finger rub. At three months, my sweet puppy just started biting me. You will have to do this every time they do something you don’t like so they can make the connection between the action and discipline. Don’t encourage rough play. Cats are sensitive creatures, and sometimes, their stress can be shown by licking and biting. If they bite or scratch to hard, they get screeched at and swatted away or nipped. If you’re wondering why do cats bite gently, these are the most likely Jan 22, 2023 · Here are six reasons why your dog might bite you, and five reasons why they might not: 1. Biters do tend to reinforce each other. If you are handling your budgie too Give a cuddle with a firm “no bite” and then offer a cold teether – a wet washcloth wrapped around an ice cube or a home-made ice water pop – or a commercial teether. This is one of the top reasons why puppies bite. Move him away from the person he's bitten, and give him a quiet moment to calm down. Email: Sam@SamTheDogTrainer. I have checked her mouth to see if she is teething, but she is NOT. Emotional Regulation and Catharsis. There can sometimes be a fine line between rough play and aggressive behavior in cats. Mar 21, 2023 · It can be an unwelcome surprise when your child bites someone else – or when you feel their teeth sinking into your own skin. Biting in young children usually does not lead to behavior problems at a later age. 3. Bed bug bites often appear in a line or cluster on one part of the body. More intense bites break the skin, puncture wounds may be superficial or deep, multiple punctures may be present or tearing/shearing injuries may result. Hostility toward people is a common cat behaviour problem. stand still and swap for a chew toy, keep one on your pocket always. Week 4: Petting. 1. The vet will perform a clinical examination and ask questions, they may advise tests if they feel there could be an underlying illness causing the behaviour. Give him hugs, kisses and praise. Sometimes they’ll even hold the bite for a few seconds. And if you notice any biting scenes in anything she watches (for instance, there is a biter in Madagascar ), stop watching those shows. Immediately after, you should offer your baby something to bite on e. However, it can be confusing and frustrating when your puppy seems to only bite you and not anyone else. However, I have found it very unusual for a pet dog to bite a family member. The most likely reason your puppy is biting only you is that he sees you as his main leader or mother figure. Sep 10, 2016 · Play aggression is the most common reason a cat will bite a human. Your Puppy Is Showing You Affection. However, if it does, the wound can become infected. Delicate bites from cats start as licks and gradually turn into nips and nibbles. Over time, they should learn what is appropriate and what is not. Avoid giving too much attention to a child who bites after an incident. Bruises and bites aren't good for his body, of course. Redirect its attention. When your baby bites, it sometimes helps to briefly try pulling your baby closer, as this may encourage them to let go Nov 28, 2011 · CatCentricPosted on November 28, 2011by Tracy DionNovember 9, 2015. Remember that young dogs use their mouths to play and engage others. Barrack. It’s great to be a part of the gang, but it’s important to know Feb 22, 2024 · Iurii Stepanov/Shutterstock. A mother cat may bite you or other people after having kittens as a way of protecting them. Your Cat Is Stressed. When cats are little and grow up with their siblings and mother they learn how to play appropriately. Providing a safe and secure environment can help alleviate feelings of fear and prevent potential biting incidents. 7. Chilled teething rings for in-between feeds can also be helpful and alleviate discomfort. Offering correction. Reconnecting with your child - for example giving them a hug or reading a story together. If this happens, try to stay calm and quiet, but stop feeding them. Keep a finger at the ready so you can break the suction quickly if your baby does try to bite (Mohrbacher, 2013). Resolving the biting, or nipping, requires identifying what those stressors are and removing them. A dog who's nibbling will also be devoid of body language associated with aggression and its common precursors, fear and stress. As long as there’s no snarling or growling, you can assume that your puppy 3 days ago · 3. For novice owners, this is normally the easiest way to tell the difference between ‘biting’ and ‘beaking’ as beaking normally causes no damage. OR, if you are out of this area, inquire about a telephone or e-Lesson. The next time your child bites, try these steps: Step 1: Be calm and firm. Paying attention to your baby’s feeding cues can help prevent biting. In most cases, the bite won’t puncture the skin. On average, five out of six children will develop an ear infection before they turn three . handy chew togs. Going along with my last point, no matter which style of discipline you choose, make sure to be consistent. Being overtired is one of the most common reasons we see puppies exhibit overly bitey and nippy behavior. Jun 6, 2024 · Reasons Why Cats Bite People. Your budgie is exploring. Alternatively, you can teach your rabbit to stop biting Jul 13, 2023 · It is important to recognize and respect a rabbit’s boundaries and personal space. Sometimes, of course, it’s impossible not to yell in pain if baby catches you by surprise and/or Sep 30, 2022 · It could be : 1. Motherhood. If you’re not looking closely, it’s tricky to distinguish between play aggression or rough play and aggressive behavior in cats. Like most wild animals, opossums can be naturally nervous and apprehensive when approached by humans. You can also lightly stroke your baby’s hair Let’s take a look at the common reasons why a puppy might bite you, but no one else: 1. Jun 30, 2024 · Fleas can bite humans and leave tiny red bumps in clusters of three or four—not in a line like bed bugs. This should be enough to show that you don’t like what they’re doing. The next step is to 1 day ago · 6. He thinks you’re one of the guys and this is how you should play. Give her a big hug. VCA Hospitals defines redirected aggression as occurring when your cat is agitated by “another animal, person, or event but is unable to direct aggression towards the stimulus. For every bite, there’s going to be a cycle of those steps. Reaction to Pain Oct 26, 2020 · “A playful nibble or love bite is very different from a truly aggressive bite that typically is in conjunction with hissing and meant to cause harm,” says Dr. There are several reasons that a bird might beak you as opposed to giving you a true bite. Sep 30, 2022 · As mentioned, cats give gentle bites, which tend to be a positive sign. Don’t let your kitten bite you during play. Offering them something else to bite -for example a teething toy. Love bites: So-called "love bites" are actually a form of cat communication and typically occur when a cat is feeling overstimulated or when the cat feels a strong bond with you. Her gums are not hard and she has got 3 Feb 5, 2024 · There are several factors that could contribute to a baby opossum biting, including fear, defense, or even the possibility of mistaking your hand for food. And this stems from reacting to the behavior incorrectly when it happens. If you think your child is after attention, give him lots of eye contact, and talk to him while he’s feeding. Some cats will indulge in excessive grooming, even pulling out hairs. Think of it as a really So give him plenty of one-on-one attention to help him feel better about himself, and play noisy, physically active games together to help him burn off the steam that might otherwise erupt inward. Additionally, it is advisable to avoid sudden movements or loud 2. One study Vetter cited found that of 182 Southern California patients seeking treatment for spider bites, only 3. The bites are very itchy and smaller than a quarter-inch across. Never get aggressive with your pet or use harsh methods. It would also be more likely if it tends to show other signs of excitement when biting you. Keep in mind that in some cases bug bites can cause anaphylactic shock — a sudden, life-threatening allergic reaction. Your baby needs to associate biting with losing your breast. Jul 31, 2023 · When your dog attempts to bite, try redirecting this energy to an enticing toy and reward their focus on the toy instead. Offer the breast again if baby is still rooting. On white skin, they look red but may look almost purple on darker skin. Stay calm. When the cat starts to become aggressive, step away and give them the appropriate distraction. Mar 3, 2021 · Avoid getting angry, yelling, or shaming a child. Mar 26, 2020 · Reason#4: You’re Mishandling Them or Hurting Them. Aug 22, 2023 · Baking Soda Paste: Baking soda paste has been shown to be effective at reducing itching and inflammation from a variety of insect bites, including no-see-um bites. Hamsters do bite sometimes, though it'll typically only happen when they get scared. It’s really common to accidentally reinforce the exact behaviors you don’t want. Give the child plenty of comfort and sympathy. no re wp td iy wd nt av nb vq