Java bitmask enum

Java bitmask enum. I have the SettingsVisibility enum with integer values which are stored in the DB. hpp and also applied Jay Millers suggestion (constexpr function instead of template<> struct) to fix the namespace issue is located here. Mar 19, 2024 · 2. Mar 17, 2024 · 3. WriteLine("The enum does NOT contain the C# value"); This code will display the text “The enum contains the C# enumeration value. See full list on baeldung. 728 5 12. "for an enumeration where emin is the smallest enumerator and emax is the largest, the values of the enumeration are the values in the range bmin to bmax , defined as follows: Let K be 1 for a two’s complement representation and 0 for a ones’ complement or sign-magnitude Apr 24, 2013 · The << operator is the left bit-shift operator in Java. 5. Basically all sets share the single array of all possible enum values and the only other piece of information is a bitmask which in case of allOf is set in one swoop. As an aside, an easy way to make proper bitmasks with nice readable code is to write them like value1 = 1 << 0, value2 = 1 << 1 (etc). Since Aug 13, 2014 · 2. Heart; szQuery = "INSERT INTO Customers (Name, Suit) " +. Apr 24, 2013 · I'm wondering how in MATLAB you can get a reference to a Java enum or static public field. qualname: The actual location in the module where this Enum can be found. Accidentally comparing an enumerator with a bitmask now triggers a static_assert that makes it explicit why this should be avoided. use bitmask_enum::bitmask; #[bitmask] // usize enum Apr 25, 2016 · Python 3. (And bitmask enums too. allOf and it looks very efficient, especially for enums with less than 64 values. GUIDE_VIEW_SEVEN_DAY. md","path":"articles/chakra-link-no-underline. noneOf(Color. Later I need check how many flags were set in that variable. Externalizable data is written in block data mode and is terminated with TC_ENDBLOCKDATA. Using @PostLoad and @PrePersist Annotations. It allows you to extract individual bits from a given byte of data. class Iterator {. The aenum library also has this addition and is usable back to Python 2. Internally represented in binary, you can decide on how large the storage type needs to be - for example, a Java integer will provide you with space for 31 flags. It is much easier to understand when we deal with just 1's and 0's than more complex numbers. To turn off a bit we use it with 0. 2 Bit Mask. Jan 23, 2013 · First of all, bitmasks are for operating on bits, not integers. ordinal(). This rule actually applies even in languages that have numeric enum types, like C++ -- if an enum Apr 12, 2015 · It means that when applied to two integers (in binary representation), it will result in an integer where each bit will be set to 1 only if both bits at the same position where 1, else to 0. i is 1, the bits are 00000001. For example, if we have a set containing elements X, Y, Z we can create a mask 100. Type Parameters: T - The enum class whose constant is to be returned. In c#, I create a enum like this: public enum ArticlePermission. So for example: Sep 5, 2015 · 7. It returns the index of the constant in the declaration order. e. This way we can easily create an EnumSet containing all the elements of our Color enum: EnumSet. Since Java 1. Using bitwise shifts with iota enables this: May 8, 2012 · A mask defines which bits you want to keep, and which bits you want to clear. "for an enumeration where emin is the smallest enumerator and emax is the largest, the values of the enumeration are the values in the range bmin to bmax , defined as follows: Let K be 1 for a two’s complement representation and 0 for a ones’ complement or sign-magnitude To determine whether a single flag has been turned on in an enumeration variable, we need to use the bitwise AND ( &) operator, as follows: Console. In your case you could create a BitSet of size 3 and then use the get () and set () methods to set a check the bits. Builder. That’s a semantic breach of the type system. Errors are more obvious than with hex or decimal literals. SuperUser = 6 = 00000110 = Custodian + Finance. java run the Java demo. Sep 19, 2009 · @Scott: It's worth noting that that the C++ standard defines the valid range of values of an enum instance that way. Aug 4, 2020 · This class implements the Set interface with all of it's richness, type safety, and interoperability. proto --java_out=. Externalizable class descriptor flags has SC_BLOCK_DATA enabled. BRIEFS. Most programmers should use the toString method in preference to this one, as the toString method may return a more user-friendly name. jar TestProtobufEnum output Enums are classes where all instances are known to the compiler. CanAccess = 1 << 0, CanView = 1 << 1, CanUpdate = 1 << 2, MayPerformBaseFunctions = 1 << 3, 2 days ago · The enum class being called. GZip); edited Jun 8, 2012 at 12:30. com Jan 29, 2012 · I want to port this c# permission module to java, but I am confused how I can do this when I can't save the numeric value in the database and then cast it to the enumeration representation. Feb 28, 2017 · 2. Bitmask enums are a way of organizing flags. guideView. So it means {X,Y,Z} -> 100 = {A}. Nov 3, 2011 · Anyway I'd recommend you to combine bitmask or set with enum. Enables writing a nonSerializable class descriptor into the stream. ) It is simply incorrect to talk of them as just "enums". Dec 20, 2013 · Bit flags, commonly referred to as Bit fields are an efficient way of storing several related boolean values in a single primitive type. values()); The second is using Arrays. In the body, there is a list of instances of the enum called enum constants which are seperated by , . For example: Dec 4, 2014 · I am trying to decode a bitmask [Flags] public enum Amenities { BusinessCenter = 1, FitnessCenter = 2, HotTub = 4, InternetAccess = 8, KidsActivities = 16, Kitchen = 32, PetsAllowed = 64, Pool = 128, Restaurant = 256, Spa = 512, Whirlpool = 1024, Breakfast = 2048, Babysitting = 4096, Jacuzzi = 8192, Parking = 16384, RoomService = 32768, AccessibleTravel = 65536, AccessibleBathroom = 131072 Oct 28, 2018 · I worked with bitmasks(a while back) to write a decoder for GRIB, a binary format for weather data. The bitwise operators operator&, operator|, operator Jul 1, 2009 · Java enums are not like C or C++ enums, which are really just labels for integers. class); Likewise, we can use noneOf () to do the opposite and create an empty collection of Color: EnumSet. In practice, this looks like the example below. Initializing Enum Constants. Returns a negative integer, zero, or a positive integer as this object is less than, equal to, or greater than the specified object. answered Oct 27, 2010 at 10:54. That is, take a single bit and just change the shift. Java 枚举 (enum) Java 枚举是一个特殊的类，一般表示一组常量，比如一年的 4 个季节，一年的 12 个月份，一个星期的 7 天，方向有东南西北等。. An enum type is a special data type that enables for a variable to be a set of predefined constants. On top of this the implementation is extremely efficient in using a single long internally if the enum holds less than 64 values. To create a Stream, we have two options. Parameters: s - the enum set from which to initialize this enum set. Example: The bits of the number 11 is “1011”, because in base 2: 11 = 8 + 2 + 1 = 1*2³ + 0*2² + 1*2¹ + 1*2⁰= “1011” When dealing with bitmask: It does not matter what the actual Sep 19, 2009 · @Scott: It's worth noting that that the C++ standard defines the valid range of values of an enum instance that way. Combined enum values are exposed as get-only properties. To get from a number to the enum object, call values() and index the returned array. Place it in a generic header, and it'll serve you for any enum you may need to iterate over: #include <type_traits>. We will use 0 to represent exclusion and 1 to represent inclusion. of(RenderSet. There is still one annoying issue. dict (since Python 3. Jul 12, 2011 · JavaDoc: String java. 2. 0. private final int point; /*. Since enum constants are instances of an Enum class, the constants can be initialized by passing specific values to the constructor. If you want a bitfield, you need to use an integer type like int32. jar TestProtobufEnum. set(100); assertThat(bitSet. Dec 22, 2022 · Using the Flags Attribute. }; This generic code will do the trick, quite efficiently. First created because I wanted something simple, evolved with inspiration from the bitflags crate, which might be something you want to take a look at. The utility of a bitmask in this context seems much more obvious. Jun 7, 2022 · The most simple methods to create an EnumSet are allOf () and noneOf (). g. The first step to defining an enum as a bit flag is to add the Flags attribute to the enum type. It's not a collection. b 1101. Enum class. JVM 1. length()). id = id; } public int getValue() { return id; } The big difference is that they are type-safe which means At compile time, compute the hashCode() of the name of the enum values (and possibly something additional - the number of values in enum, the ordinal() etc. DataUri, RenderSet. A bitmask can have (un)signed integer types, the default type is usize. Usage of valueOf(String) method allows easy implementation of reading values from configuration files. values in enum class bitmasks. Bool conversion. So constructs like 0x0000FF00 are used to preserve only the 2nd least significant byte. You wish to set you variable myState to a combination of the values defined in the enum. B = 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000010. – Python bitwise operators are defined for the following built-in data types: int. mit There are ordered enums and unordered enums. 9) It’s not a widely known fact, but bitwise operators can perform operations from set algebra, such as union, intersection, and symmetric difference, as well as merge and update dictionaries. EnumSet. Enums can be created similar to classes but use the enum keyword instead of class . First I set some flags to that variable. Sample usage: byte[] flags = new byte[]{6}; GoalType[] goalTypes = this. Enum. NET to use a plural name for enums that are defined as flags. values()); Let’s extend the DaysOfWeekEnum class to create an example {"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"articles":{"items":[{"name":"chakra-link-no-underline. md Jan 8, 2024 · 3. Example code, based on Anthony Williams' bitmask_operators. When you perform a bitwise & operation the result is that the bits turned on in both values used in the expression. The first column, both values are "switched on (1)", so the result is also switched on. --proto_path=${PROTO_HOME}/include:. // Enum members. We recently had to make use of bitmasks in a project at work and not all people knew what it was about. The space and time performance of this class should be good enough to allow its use as a high-quality, typesafe alternative to traditional int-based "bit flags. The signed left shift operator " << " shifts Aug 25, 2022 · Bitmask is the idea of using the binary representation of numbers to solve otherwise difficult problems. Bulk actions on the set After this check, we map the index to the actual enum value, by getting it from an array that contains all the enum values and finally we create and return an array with the desired enum values. of: Stream. extends Object. The usage of 0xFFC0 really depends on how the rest of the code is using that least significant byte. This is similar to the || logical operator used with booleans. */. This will mean that X is included and Y and Z are excluded. That is to say, you cannot use an enum-typed field as a bitfield. On the other hand Enum. E. :protobuf-java-3. Like having a collection of booleans without having to keep track of a dozen different variables. It's just a bitmask. For example (taken from Pro TypeScript, p 207) a 1011. of(DaysOfWeekEnum. Let’s specify color values to various card types: SILVER( "gray" ), GOLD( "yellow" ), PLATINUM( "black" ) We can Jul 9, 2020 · I am trying to reverse the conversion to bitmask, and get a list of enums as a return value. java -cp . values(). isEqualTo(101); At first, the last set index is 29, so this method returns 30. Individual indexed bits can be examined, set, or cleared. The enum defines 1, 2, 4, and 8 as valid values, yet you want to be able to set the variable to 4 | 2 = 6. util there is a class called BitSet that makes bit manipulation very simple. The bitwise logical operators are AND (&), OR (|), XOR (^), and NOT (~). stream: Arrays. private Rank(String name,int point) this. So, for: enum Underwear { BRIEFS, BOXERS }; Underwear. type: A mix-in type for the new Enum. Enumeration allows easier management and control on possible values. I think the reason I'm having problems is because of the way Java is reading the bytes in. It is a common convention in . 3. value: The name of the new Enum to create. Because each item in the enum has a unique bit set this allows them to be combined by setting their respective bits. Aug 11, 2017 · This design successfully enforces comparison of enumerator types with other enumerators of the same type, and of bitmask types with other bitmasks of the same type. Common examples include compass directions (values of NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, and WEST) and the days of the week. Star May 11, 2024 · 2. public class BitSet. They are used for creating types that can only have few possible values. The first is using Stream. The second column, a is switched off, so the result is 0, the Jul 19, 2010 · As long as you define your Enum values properly, you can use EnumSet to get that functionality. Jan 8, 2024 · However, we need to know exactly the enum type’s name and hardcode it in the code, for example, MagicNumber. Nov 28, 2019 · 001. Type Parameters: E - The class of the elements in the set. A value of type FlagType<ERenderPass> can be empty, or contain only the Geometry pass, or only the Lighting pass, or both. matchingFlags(flags); To prefent the risk I would define ids for the enum entries and use those. Yes, this would mean to change the hashCode() either of the EnumSet class or the Enum class. An enum can contain constants, methods, etc. You expose the "enum" values as public static readonly members. This representation is extremely compact and efficient. The signed left shift operator " << " shifts Jul 1, 2009 · Java enums are not like C or C++ enums, which are really just labels for integers. Overrides: toString in class Object. Stream to perform operations on the Enum values. While C uses your implementation-defined int type Aug 3, 2020 · There is a better way built into the java. 1. stream(DaysOfWeekEnum. * @param rank should be byte. RenderSet set = RenderSet. out. point=point; How to replace int to byte in point. {. Returns: A copy of the specified enum set. Creates an enum set with the same element type as the specified enum set, initially containing the same elements (if any). 6 and greater can read this format change. May 20, 2011 · I have a problem with flag bits. Interestingly we can leave the bit as it was when using 1. All of the elements in an enum set must come from a single enum type that is specified, explicitly or implicitly, when the set is created. Using enums can make it easier to document intent, or create a set of distinct cases. You can add and remove passes. Oct 12, 2023 · Java のビット単位の演算子. In addition, the value 0 is used to represent an empty bitmask, with no values set. Nov 17, 2016 · We have an application that secures api controller actions via a bit mask. util. As you probably know, the bitwise AND of any value and 0 is 0. implements Cloneable, Serializable. 7. Because they are constants, the names of Compares this enum with the specified object for order. This method may be overridden, though it typically isn't necessary or desirable. In java. I decided to make a blog post about bit masks and a way to use them in Java using Enums. typedef typename std::underlying_type<C>::type val_t; int val; Returns a negative integer, zero, or a positive integer as this object is less than, equal to, or greater than the specified object. - everything is static and constant from the compile time on). start: The first integer value for the Enum Mar 10, 2023 · One = 0b0001, Two = 0b0010, Three = 0b0100, }; ENABLE_BITMASK_OPERATORS (MyBitmask) From now on, MyBitmask's values can be used with bitwise operators. called for : BLUE. In MATLAB, if you are trying to use Java objects/methods, there are equivalents to Java object creation / enum's can be used as bitmasks. For the official documentation on usage, we can head over to the documentation. Using Shifts for Bitmask Enums. Java のビット単位の演算子は、ビットの操作を実行するために使用されます。これらの演算子は、short、byte、long、char、int などの任意の整数型で使用できます。 さまざまなビット単位の演算子があります。 Nov 4, 2008 · three. ordinal() Determine the enum value represented by the int value This protocol is written by JVM 1. The bits of a BitSet are indexed by nonnegative integers. Nov 8, 2014 · In Protobufs, an enum-typed field is only allowed to have one of the exact numeric values specified in the enum. class); Feb 2, 2016 · I looked under the hood for EnumSet. There is a little setup involved, but the technical details are generally hidden in blueprints, and the default interface for flags Checking, setting, clearing, and toggling individual bits. The decision of what expressive means to use must be based on the level of abstraction you work on. Reusing an enum type for a set of flags of that type is the same thing. static EnumValue. Masking is the act of applying a mask to a value. We can also turn off certain bits by using the AND operator, which follows the rule that X AND 1 = X and X AND 0 = 0. " An enum is a class under the hood so you can add methods to it. Jan 8, 2024 · bitSet. Enums allow us to define a set of named constants. We store the actual enumeration value converted to string: public enum Suit { Spade, Heart, Diamond, Club } Suit theSuit = Suit. Turning bits on and off is also referred to as "masking on" and "masking off". Hope somebody finds it useful. Iterate Using Stream. Java enums are implemented more like classes - and they can even have multiple attributes. if it is a bitmask, 'flags', enum i just use the catch-all 'format' attribute to specify. Finance = 4 = 00000100. The natural order implemented by this method is the order in which the constants are declared. answered Jul 19, 2010 at 19:20. Justin Niessner. There is NO other way you can do this because processors do not handle anything under 1 byte. id = id; } public int getValue() { return id; } The big difference is that they are type-safe which means Jan 17, 2012 · I know I am going to catch a lot of flack for this but this is how I represent a dot net enum in json-schema. In other words, in this way, we can’t build a utility method to work for all enum types. Another option we have to deal with persisting enums in a database is to use standard JPA callback methods. template < typename C, C beginVal, C endVal>. In this section, we will see how to solve the above problem using a bit mask. It denotes a special type of class that always extends the java. I want to take 7 and convert it to {ONE, TWO, FOUR}. Bitwise Logical Operators. "ErrorCode": { Jan 20, 2011 · Jay you're right, it's not a good idea and it's leading to me having massive headaches! :) It's part of a Microsoft compression algorithm and it uses a 4 byte bitmask to denote the locations of data and metadata within a stream. The second column, a is switched off, so the result is 0, the The unary bitwise complement operator " ~ " inverts a bit pattern; it can be applied to any of the integral types, making every "0" a "1" and every "1" a "0". Note that when declaring the enum class inside of a class, the constexpr function needs to be preceded by the friend keyword (as dyp suggested in Returns the hash code value for this message. May 17, 2024 · A bitmask enum attribute macro, to turn an enum into a bitmask. We can map our enums back and forth in the @PostLoad and @PrePersist events. values() seems to be a bit of black magic. javac -cp . Similarly: 0xFFC0 & 0x12F0 = 0x12C0. This representation is unique for each number. ”. public final class TestConstants { public static String ONE = "one"; public static String TWO= "two"; } Jan 4, 2024 · Here, each constant is assigned a value based on an arbitrary expression involving iota, allowing for customized golang enum values. compile the Java demo. All = 7 = 00000111 = NormalUser + Custodian + Finance. Parameters: enumClass - the Class object of the enum class from which to return a constant. It is indeed incorrect to use implementation details (expressive means from the lower level) or usage Nov 13, 2011 · Use a list of static final ints rather than a type-safe enum and switch on the int value you receive (this is the pre-Java 5 approach) Switch on either a specified id value (as described by heneryville) or the ordinal value of the enum values; i. But im not 100% sure whether I really want to use a EnumSet or I may use the bitmask. set and frozenset. protoc PaxTypeEnum. Yours is (apparently) trying to do both the bitnumber enumeration and the bitvalues in the same enum, which is a bit odd, but that's obviously your choice (there's no "law" agains repeating the same enum value - although the debugger will show the first one to match, which may not be what you expected). Bitwise OR (|) The OR operator compares each binary digit of two integers and gives back 1 if either of them is 1. The natural order implemented by this method is the order in which the Aug 14, 2022 · The TypeScript docs define enums as follows: format_quote. allOf(Color. Oct 11, 2018 · A specialized Set implementation for use with enum types. The idea is to have two attributes in an entity. Having a separate field shows your intent better. D = 00000000 00000000 00000000 00001000. Other = 8 = 00001000. The bitmask type supports a finite number of bitmask elements, which are distinct non-zero values of the bitmask type, such that, for any pair Ci and Cj, Ci & Ci is nonzero and Ci & Cj is zero. Enum constants are only comparable to other enum constants of the same enum type. Bitmask enums are powerful tools for managing sets of boolean flags. As a bonus, the resulting values from the bit-wise operations are still members of the original flag class, and are singletons [1]. GZip; would become. Enum sets are represented internally as bit vectors. An enum can be stored as a single value, but storing a collection of enum values is verbose. They are fast and compact, so generally good for network related data. newBuilder () static EnumValue. = 1001. Apr 5, 2011 · To get from a constant to a number, call WHATEVER. Bulk actions on the set are also performed with bitwise operations. TypeScript provides both numeric and string-based enums. Enums in Kotlin, just like in Java, can have a constructor. Dec 13, 2016 · generate the Java source from the *. module: The name of the module the new Enum is created in. 例如定义一个颜色的 Sep 6, 2022 · 4. util package in the form of the EnumSet class. BOXERS. The variable must be equal to one of the values that have been predefined for it. I want to create an enum class in java 11 with key value I create a enum like this . Oct 25, 2013 · Custodian = 2 = 00000010. println(a & b);//print 87 which is decimal representation of 0101 0111. Mar 13, 2011 · @stevo. Bit shift left (j) is 5: 00100000 which is 32. Enums, BitFlags, BitFields, BitMasks and BitArrays for JavaScript & TypeScript License. Nov 6, 2009 · It'd be better to have a field in the enum indicating which bit the enum value corresponds to. DataUri | RenderSet. WriteLine("The enum contains the C# enumeration value"); Console. name() Returns the name of this enum constant, exactly as declared in its enum declaration. ordinal() is 1. One way i can think of is using TEN("Ten",Byte. boolean. For example, a byte contains 8 bits; applying this operator to a value whose bit pattern is "00000000" would change its pattern to "11111111". Java 枚举类使用 enum 关键字来定义，各个常量使用逗号 , 来分割。. Shifting bits to the left is a fast way to multiply an integer value by a power of 2. Throws: Aug 23, 2023 · Enum in Java is a data type that contains a fixed set of constants. I have an int variable to hold flags. This class implements a vector of bits that grows as needed. MONDAY("Monday"), TUESDAY("Tuesday"), SUNDAY ("Sunday"); private final String name; We never store enumerations as numerical ordinal values anymore; it makes debugging and support way too difficult. C = 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000100. We can also use java. MIT license 19 stars 0 forks Branches Tags Activity. BitSet class, Checking if a number is a power of 2, Packing / unpacking values as bit fragments, Expressing the power of 2, Signed vs unsigned shift Jul 29, 2010 · It looks like your Character enum (let's call it CharEnum from now on) CharEnum is being used like a bit field, where each enum has an int value with just one bit set: A = 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001. = 111. An enum type should override this method when a more "programmer-friendly" string form exists. ordinal() is 0, and Underwear. bool. names: The names/values of the members for the new Enum. – Mar 9, 2016 · The traditional use of enum is to create the constant values that a variable of this type can take. When we set the index 100 to true, then the length () method returns 101. Aug 10, 2011 · I want to convert this sample C# code into a java code: public enum myEnum { ONE = "one", TWO = "two", }; Because I want to change this constant class into enum. 5, the Class object provides the getEnumConstants() method to get all enum instances from an enum Class object. This class implements the Set interface with all of it's richness, type safety, and interoperability. called for : GREEN. System. Given below is a demonstration of how to declare an enum: Java Code // Demonstrates the declaration of enum public enum season { Spring, Summer, Monsoon, Autumn, Winter } Iterate over Enu 0xC & 0xF = 0xC. lang. name=name; this. vivid_voidgroup. proto file. Constants defined this way make the code more readable, allow for compile-time checking, document the list of accepted values upfront, and Enum Types. Using long as bit mask, java. So if I have an enum with values ONE(1), TWO(2), FOUR(4), then it'll store as Enum(7). isInitialized () Returns true if all required fields in the message and all embedded messages are set, false otherwise. You may find it cumbersome to check for the presence or absence of specific. Each component of the bit set has a boolean value. Using ordinals is kind of brittle: If someone reorders the value declarations, the program breaks. It’s also worth mentioning that this method will return zero if all bits are clear. A Java enum type is a special kind of Java class. int a = 0b01010111; int b = 0b11111111; //result in 0b01010111. Jan 5, 2024 · Java 5 first introduced the enum keyword. As you can see on examples below, this approach allows you to: add/override useful methods for your string literals: public enum Days {. Aug 25, 2022 · Bitmask is the idea of using the binary representation of numbers to solve otherwise difficult problems. parseByte("1")); The unary bitwise complement operator " ~ " inverts a bit pattern; it can be applied to any of the integral types, making every "0" a "1" and every "1" a "0". But I don't know to do it. To use it, copy and paste the code, then do a search and replace on BigFlags with your struct name, then delete the enums in the TODO section and add your values. Example: The bits of the number 11 is “1011”, because in base 2: 11 = 8 + 2 + 1 = 1*2³ + 0*2² + 1*2¹ + 1*2⁰= “1011” When dealing with bitmask: It does not matter what the actual Dec 14, 2011 at 17:41. Here is an example Enum: [Flags] public enum DriverChange : long. use instead of the enums themselves All the constants of an enum class can be obtained by calling the implicit public static T[] values() method of that class. OPEN(100), CLOSE(200); private final int id; Ids(int id) { this. public String toString() Returns the name of this enum constant, as contained in the declaration. This is accomplished by doing: Below is an example of extracting a subset of the bits in the value: Applying the mask to the value means that we want to clear the first (higher) 4 bits, and keep the last (lower) 4 bits. Yes, you're right - it is recommended to use enums for storing the program constants. Sep 5, 2015 · 7. &. My code is below. What I am trying to do is get the list of enums based on the bit mask value. Oct 25, 2022 · Requirements. 6 has added Flag and IntFlag which support the usual bit-wise operations. yi mg lu vx hj vj lj zo ol hf